Subramanian panel suggests overhaul of green laws

The T S R Subramanian committee, constituted about three months ago to review laws related to environment and forest protection, has recommended some big-ticket changes to the rules and legislation. These include a complete overhaul of certain laws, special fast-track dispensation for power, mining and linear projects, self-certification of compliance by industry and diluting the powers of the National Green Tribunal (NGT).

The committee's recommendations, made in a report given to Environment & Forests Minister Prakash Javadekar recently and reviewed by Business Standard, are for a revamp of regulations and laws concerning environment, both pollution and forest-related. Several of these changes have either already been in the pipeline or previously discussed within the ministry. Some of these were suggested (or partly processed) during the previous government's term.

The committee has suggested an umbrella law to help set up new national and state-level regulators that would also take the powers of the existing pollution control boards. The law - Environmental Management Act - would do away with the need for separate Acts to regulate air and water pollution that empower states to give the consent to operate and establish industrial units.

The national and state-level regulators should be able to use the know-how of existing technical institutions and universities, while they appraise projects, as well as monitor their operations.

The law, as recommended by the Subramanian committee, reduces the powers of the National Green Tribunal by setting up special district-level courts to deal with infringement of environmental laws and an administrative tribunal (not a judicial one) to review clearances. A judicial review of project clearances should be the final step, and not the first stage of appeal, the committee has suggested. It has also advised infringement of laws be distinguished and categorised and prosecution and arrest be permitted only in the case of serious offences.

The committee has backed industry's long-standing demand that a self-certification system for compliance with environmental laws be introduced. This system, to be built on 'utmost good faith', would depend largely on project developers disclosing information and being held accountable in post facto review of project operations in areas chosen on random sampling.

A shrunk no-go area for miners - limited to the existing protected wildlife areas and forest patches with more than 70 per cent cover - has also been recommended. The original no-go area plan included wildlife corridors, lands with high biodiversity value (regardless of forest cover) and lands that acted as catchment of rivers.

The high-level panel has also suggested an amendment to the Forest Rights Act to provide a clear exception for all linear projects - roads, pipelines and power lines, etc. The high-level panel had not been tasked to review either the Forest Rights Act or the National Green Tribunal Act.

It has also recommended that the powers of the National Board for Wildlife (which has outside experts on board) in reviewing any changes to national parks and sanctuaries be handed over to the ministry.

A special 'fast-track' overall dispensation for linear, mining and power projects has also been recommended, besides an overhaul of the forest clearance process to further reduce the time taken.

The panel has advised that more kinds of projects and those larger in size than the ones permitted today be appraised at the state level, and not reviewed at the Centre, for environmental integrity.

The panel has also advised the government to firm up a legal definition of what constitutes 'forests'. The present laws do not define the areas where forest laws should apply. The definition was derived by a Supreme Court order that had extended the application of forest laws to lands that might not be classified as forest land on government records.

The court order included lands where trees of more than a certain density grew, regardless of the type or ownership of lands.

The five-member group said, while the compensatory afforestation asked of project proponents should be increased, their role should be limited to providing finances to state forest departments, and not beyond that. It also suggested a five-fold revision of rates of 'net present value' (NPV) that companies are required to pay for use of forestlands.

The panel suggested that a specialised and separate environment service be created as another All-India Service cadre.

Among the ideas and changes in the report that the environment ministry has already begun to process or is discussing are dilution of NGT's role, dilution of the power of tribals to give consent to projects, the legal redefinition of forests, shrinking of the no-go areas and easing of the appraisal regime for power and other projects. The process for upward revision of the NPV rates had begun during the previous government's term, and a committee was constituted to suggest new rates.

The creation of a new national and state-level authority was pushed by former environment minister, Jairam Ramesh, as well. But it faced opposition from many quarters for a variety of reasons. The present government has already made several amendments to the existing regulations; and other critical changes the high-level panel has recommended are already in the pipeline. These include a single-window clearance system, instead of multiple channels, for projects.

WHAT THE PANEL RECOMMENDS

• New umbrella law to subsume existing environment laws, the powers of pollution control boards
   
• National and state-level authority to appraise and monitor projects
   
• Fast-track clearance for power, mining and linear projects
   
• Self-certification of compliance by projects and random review
   
• Larger and more projects to be appraised at the state level
   
• Amendment to Forest Rights Act to dilute consent powers
   
• Administrative tribunal instead of judicial National Green Tribunal to review clearances on appeal
   
• District-level courts to decide on infringement of green laws
   
• Limited no-go forest areas where mining is banned
   
• Definition of 'forests' to be formulated to reduce litigation
   
• New environment service as part of All India Services cadre
   
• Companies to pay more for compensatory afforestation but not be involved beyond financing

The committee has suggested an umbrella law to help set up new national and state-level regulators that would also take the powers of the existing pollution control boards

Beijing + 20 review for Asia pacific Region

Smt Maneka Sanjay Gandhi showcases India’s achievements on gender equality at the Beijing + 20 review for Asia pacific Region Highlights financial independence being fundamental to achieving gender equality

The Union Minister of Women & Child Development, Smt Maneka Sanjay Gandhi has re-affirmed India’s commitment to gender equality, empowerment of women and eradication of poverty among them. Opening the session on ministerial presentations at the “Asia and Pacific Conference on Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment: Beijing+20 Review” at Bangkok on Wednesday, the Minister said that women in India may have seen poverty and illiteracy but are marching ahead rapidly to become equal contributors in the economic and social development of the nation and aiming to set their footprint on the world. The Minister presented a detailed picture of initiatives undertaken by the government across ministries with interventions in legislative, institutional and service delivery fronts. Smt Maneka Gandhi stated that as minister for women and child development of the second most populated country of the world with a women population of 60 crores, she is a representative of women who may have suffered gender inequality for centuries but are committed to claim their place in the society. Smt Maneka Gandhi stated that women have achieved a lot in the last few decades despite the heavy odds against them. They have risen to head national governments, they have led political and social revolutions, they have created business empires, they have discharged multiple roles at the same time with utmost efficiency and sensitivity and above all they have toiled hard to keep the sanity of the world intact. Her comment that “If the ability to multitask and bear suffering is a qualification, then we are the stronger sex” was greeted by loud applause by the delegates. She underlined the fact that women will get all the other equalities if we get financial independence and gave details of the vision of India’s Prime Minister Sh Narendra Modi in the field of Skill Development which will ensure that the skills for women go beyond the stereotypes. She also stressed on the need for increasing the presence of women in the police force which can become a strong instrument for curbing gender based violence. Concluding her address, the Minister stated that it is indeed extraordinary that when the human species has only men and women and when neither can do without the other, there is no equality. The world needs a movement spanning across centuries to fight for parity,therefore, the issue of gender equality must become something more than a slogan, she added. Maneka Gandhi also had bilateral meetings with Mr Adul Saengsingkaew, Minister for Social development and Human Security, Government of Thailand, Ms Meng Xiaosi, Vice chairperson, national Working Committee on women and Children, Republic of China and Ms Afroze, Minister of Women and Child development, Government of Bangladesh. The dignitaries exchanged details of national priorities in the field of gender equality and women empowerment. The United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) is holding the conference at Bangkok on November 19-20, 2014 as a prelude to the 20 year review of the achievements of the Platform for Action established in 1995 at Beijing. The Conference is also reviewing the progress and remaining challenges, and identify priority actions, for achieving gender equality and women’s empowerment in Asia and the Pacific. The Conference is being attended by over 700 delegates including some heads of governments, Ministers, government officials and representatives of the civil society.

tribal Art and Crafts Mela Aadishilp Begins in the Capital

If you are fond of our Tribal handicrafts it is an occasion to meet the Tribal artisans and buy their products. The National Tribal Crafts Mela popularly known as ‘Aadishilp’ has begun in the capital. The mela has been organised by Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India Ltd. (TRIFED) and will continue up to 30th of this month at INA Delhi Hart. More than 100 tribal artisans from all over the country are showcasing the unique and exquisite tribal artefacts in 113 stalls in the Exhibition. Hand crafted items, handloom products, dry flowers, cane and bamboo products, tribal jewellery, Dhokra craft, tribal weaves and embroidery, tribal paintings and lot more are being presented by these artisans during this 11 daylong event. The main objective of organising Aadishilp is to give tribal artisans an opportunity to showcase and sell their traditional Art and Craft works directly to the customers and get their feedback which would help them in having valuable inputs. Aadishilp provides them a platform for direct interface with art and craft lovers, share their talent with the urban elite and know the customers taste and preferences for adapting their product designs and creations accordingly. TRIFED has been taking a number of promotional initiatives for marketing tribal products. From a single sales outlet set up in 1999 at New Delhi, today it has 36 outlets of its own and nine Consignment outlets across the country. TRIFED has also initiated the concept of sourcing tribal products by way of organizing Tribal Artisan Melas (TAMs) to identify new artisans and products from different regions where tribal artisans are invited to display their products for selection and inclusion in the range of products marketed by TRIFED. Design and quality inputs are given to the artisans wherever required for overall improvement and better marketing prospects of their products. TRIFED, under Ministry of Tribal Affairs, is the only apex body of Govt. of India which is engaged in the development and marketing of traditional tribal products including Metal craft, Paintings, Textiles, Jewellery, Natural/ Organic/ Herbal products etc. TRIFED’s main objective is to improve the livelihood of the tribal communities by creating a sustainable market and create business opportunities for them based on their cultural knowledge and traditional skills whilst ensuring fair and equitable remuneration for their products by organizing Tribal Crafts Mela. TRIFED also focuses on trainings for skill up gradation and capacity building of tribal artisans and Minor Forest Produce gatherers.

Indian Cinema offers vision to young minds to learn and nurture talent

Indian Cinema offers vision to young minds to learn and nurture talent – ArunJaitley Eminent Actor ShriRajinikanth conferred Centenary Award for the Indian Film Personality of the Year 45th International Film Festival of India inaugurated at Goa

ShriArunJaitley, Union Minister of Finance, Corporate Affairs, and Information & Broadcasting has said that the Indian Film industry had come of age in view of the diversity it offered as regards the number of films produced in different languages and themes. Cinema today acted as the alternate religion as it entertained, educated, gave a social perspective to issues, offered young growing minds the vision to learn and nurture talent. ShriJaitleystatedthis while delivering his address at inaugural ceremony of the 45th edition of International Film Festival of India which began in Goa today. Elaborating further, ShriJaitley said Cinema as medium in the country had matured, there was corporatization of the industry making it more professional and vibrant. The Minister reiterated the efforts being made by the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting to mainstream the National Film Heritage Mission as a policy initiative. This would ensure the preservation of the record of Indian cinema digitally. ShriJaitley also highlighted the importance of Goa being made the permanent venue of the International Film Festival of India in the context of its hospitality, growth, natural beauty and cultural diversity. ShriManoharParrikar, Union Defence Minister, who was present on the occasion, said that all efforts would be made to host the next edition of IFFI at the permanent venue. Also speaking on the occasion, Secretary I&B, ShriBimalJulka said that IFFI aimed to nurture, encourage and inspire Indian Cinema and introduce it to the world outside as well as many audiences within the country. Each edition of IFFI facilitated new strategies thereby ensuring enriched, enhanced and enlarged viewing experience. The vision of IFFI was to provide a common platform to project the excellence of the film art. With China being the focus country, ShriJulka said a special package on contemporary Chinese cinema had been created at the festival. In his address, the Chief Guest for the function, Shri Amitabh Bachchan traced the evolution of Indian Cinema through its various facets touching upon the iconic films in different periods and the dominant themes. ShriBachchan highlighted the role and relevance of Indian Cinema in the context of India’s diversity and plurality. ShriArunJaitley, Union Minister of Finance, Corporate Affairs, and Information & Broadcasting along with the Chief Guest Shri Amitabh Bachchan conferred the Centenary Award for Indian Film Personality of the Year on ShriRajnikanthfor his outstanding contribution to Indian Cinema. The prestigious award consisted of cash prize of Rs. 10,00000, Certificate and the Silver Peacock Medal. The award was instituted last year to commemorate 100 years of Indian Cinema The International Jury for the Festival was alsointroduced at the inaugural ceremony. ShriJaitley felicitated the Jury Members including the Chairman, Mr.SlawomirIdziak, noted film maker from Poland, eminent Chinese film director, Zhang Jianya, renowned Swiss film maker and Head of International Locarno Film Festival,Nadia Dresti, noted American film critic, Marie Brenner, and renowned Indian Actress, SeemaBiswas. The inaugural function also witnessed the screening of Swacch Bharat Promotion Film and the Signature Film of the festival. The Signature Film was directed by ShriShaji N Karun, one of the renowned film makers of India. The President directed by eminent Iranian film maker, Mohsen Makhmalbaf was the Opening Film of the festival. The 11 day festival would screen 178 films from 79 countries across different categories which include World Cinema (61 films), Master-strokes (11 films), Festival Kaleidoscope (20 films), Soul of Asia (7 films), Documentaries (6 films), Animated Films (6 films). Besides, Indian Panorama section would include 26 Feature and 15 Non-Feature Films. North-East being the focus region of the festival, IFFI 2014 would be showcasing 7 films from North Eastern part of India. Regional cinema would also be an integral part of the festival.Retrospective sections on Gulzar and JahnuBaruah, Special Homage films on Richard Attenborough, Robin Williams, ZohraSehgal, SuchitraSen, and special tribute to Farooq Sheikh would be other attractions this year. A special section of films that focus on dance, personality based retrospectives, and Masterclasses/workshopswould also form a part of IFFI 2014. The open air screening of Indian films for the general public free of cost on first come first basis would be a new attraction in IFFI 2014. Besides the world premieres, IFFI 2014 offered a repertoire of activities, such as the Film Bazar, 3D Film Shows, Dinners, Master classes, and Panel Discussions and Stalls and Open-Air Screenings for the delegates.

Integrated Power Development Scheme

The Union Cabinet chaired by the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, today gave its approval to launch "Integrated Power Development Scheme" (IPDS) with the objectives of: 1. Strengthening of sub-transmission and distribution network in the urban areas; 2. Metering of distribution transformers /feeders / consumers in the urban areas. 3. IT enablement of distribution sector and strengthening of distribution network as per CCEA approval dated 21.06.2013 for completion of targets laid down under Restructured Accelerated Power Development and Reforms Programme (RAPDRP) for 12th and 13th Plans by carrying forward the approved outlay for RAPDRP to IPDS. The scheme will help in reduction in AT&C losses, establishment of IT enabled energy accounting / auditing system, improvement in billed energy based on metered consumption and improvement in collection efficiency. The estimated cost of the present scheme with the components of strengthening of sub-transmission and distribution networks, including metering of consumers in the urban areas is Rs. 32,612 crore which includes the requirement of budgetary support from Government of India of Rs. 25,354 crore over the entire implementation period. The component of IT enablement of distribution sector and strengthening of distribution network approved by CCEA in June, 2013 in the form of RAPDRP for 12th and 13th Plans will get subsumed in this scheme and CCEA-approved scheme outlay of Rs.44,011 crore including a budgetary support of Rs. 22,727 crore will be carried over to the new scheme of IPDS.

Why India needs a robust national opposition

It is abundantly clear after the Lok Sabha and subsequent state Assembly elections this year that the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) is by far the dominant national party. By contrast, the Congress party's national footprint is shrinking with each election. India's experience of single-party majority Congress governments after 1971 and 1984 indicates that governance turns arbitrary, disingenuous or worse if there are no credible alternatives. Consequently, India needs at least one all-India opposition party.

The Congress can no longer legitimately claim to be a party with a nationwide presence even though it has the second highest tally of 44 members of Parliament (MPs) in the current Lok Sabha. In the latest Lok Sabha elections, the Congress drew a blank in Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Jharkhand and Delhi. It came in fourth or lower in the large states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Maharashtra, and was third in Punjab, Haryana and Assam. It won just two seats each in Madhya Pradesh and Telangana, and four in West Bengal. The two states that the Congress had somewhat higher tallies were eight out of 20 in Kerala and nine out of 28 in Karnataka.

According to media reports it is a foregone conclusion, as preparations are afoot for Assembly elections in Delhi, that the Congress will come in third. The Congress embarrasses itself when it explains that it is anti-incumbency that is impacting its electoral fortunes negatively. In the 1977 post-Emergency debacle, the Congress was facing 30 years of anti-incumbency and yet it won 164 Lok Sabha seats, remained dominant in the south, and did reasonably well in Maharashtra and Gujarat. In 2004, the Congress formed a coalition government at the centre with just 159 seats.

The Congress is taking false comfort that it will automatically bounce back as it did in 1980 when it won 353 seats. The country is much better informed and the BJP under the unchallenged leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi is more cohesive than the tenuous Janata Party coalition that won 302 seats in 1977. The Congress is refusing to acknowledge a welcome change, namely, that caste and religion although important are no longer that crucial for those below 30 years of age. Further, those who are 13 today will be eligible to vote in 2019. Average voters, whether young and aspirational or not, want governance that pays effective attention to increasing employment opportunities, and improving availability of water and housing.

The Nehru-Gandhi hyphenation suggesting uninterrupted family succession since the era of our first prime minister is factually incorrect. After Jawaharlal Nehru but for the sudden passing away of Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1966 another Nehru family member may have never become prime minister. In the first decade after independence, India was riven with communal, linguistic and social differences and inequities. A few of Nehru's policies related to primary education, the economy and defence preparedness, formulated in this difficult environment, can be second-guessed with the benefit of hindsight. Overall, Nehru was key to holding the nation together while building institutions and laying the lasting foundations for higher education, heavy industry and an enduring constitutional democracy.

Subsequently, in the 1970s, this grand old party of our freedom struggle was over-centralised by Indira Gandhi. Elections within the Congress party were stage-managed and independent thinking was discouraged. Indira Gandhi's cynical errors of commission in shackling the country, camouflaged in socialist rhetoric, set the economy back by two decades. By contrast, her decisive role in the war with Pakistan in the run-up to the birth of Bangladesh was highly impressive. However, whatever she ever achieved was washed away by her action of imposing an unjustified Emergency that led to all manner of excesses. Her open endorsement of a brash and insensitive Sanjay Gandhi was inexplicable except on the grounds of progeny before all else.

It is with Indira Gandhi that family succession became a Congress hallmark and now this weakness afflicts several regional parties. The hollowing out of leadership in the Congress was caused by Indira Gandhi sidelining those who had a political base of their own. The resulting lack of contact at the ground level was sought to be compensated by stoking resentment, at times legitimate, against majority communities or higher castes. This strategy does not work that well any longer, and the Congress cannot rebuild party cadres without appealing to idealism, which needs to begin transparently at the top.

A disproportionately large number of current Congress leaders have never won a state Assembly or parliamentary election. Those in the Congress who have the longer-term interests of the country in mind and have the determination to stay the course need to disassociate themselves from those who benefit from coterie politics. Such individuals could play a constructive national role in an India, which is increasingly less impressed by identity-based politics. The proposed coming together of Nitish Kumar's Janata Dal (United), Samajwadi party, Rashtriya Janata Dal led by Lalu Prasad (currently out on bail) and others will not work as a national alternative. Their binding ideology is to look backwards in time and take advantage of community and caste insecurities.

Rahul Gandhi with his episodic outbursts was projected as a champion of probity in public life and the downtrodden. However, the Congress governments of 2004 and 2009 had some ministers with established reputations for sleaze, and officials with dubious records were appointed to head executive, regulatory and crime investigation bodies. The Congress vice-president's lack of work experience in government or the private sector and limited understanding of the harsh realities that confront the nation was starkly evident in his January 2014 interview on the Times Now television channel. Additionally, his apparent lack of appetite for the continuous grind of Indian politics means that the Congress needs to look for alternative leadership.

To sum up, the Congress needs to reform not just in its own interest but more importantly in national interest. Ideally, a national alternative could be made up of the non-cynical in the Congress who do not balk at contesting elections, constructive Aam Aadmi Party constituents who do not subscribe to sweeping anti-establishment views and forward-looking elements in Nitish Kumar's party. Of course, this suggestion will be condescendingly derided as naïve and wishful thinking by exponents of realpolitik. However, the fear of stumbling or failing should not stand in the way of building an inspired national opposition.

From equity to intensity

India must now match the offers from China, the US and Europe with an emissions-reduction plan that goes beyond what it has already offered

In a few weeks, the parties to the United Nations Climate Convention will meet in Lima, Peru, to prepare for their Paris meeting in 2015. This is the culmination of a process that began in Durban in 2011 with the aim of securing agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to a level at which there is a two in three chance of restricting the average global temperature increase to two degrees Celsius above the pre-industrial level.

The meeting will take place just about a month after theIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released its synthesis report, which summarised the outcome of its fifth assessment drafted by over 800 authors and reviewers from 85 countries. This assessment report is more categorical in asserting that the observed changes are not just a natural fluctuation but a consequence of anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. It is also more insistent on the need for immediate action.

The risks of climate change depend on cumulative emissions. The IPCC synthesis report presents a global carbon budget for containing the likely temperature increase to two degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. To meet this goal, cumulative emissions would have to be limited to 790gigatonnes of carbon (GtC) - of which we have used up 515 GtC, leaving us with 275 GtC. To stay within this budget, global emissions will have to come down by 40-70 per cent of the 2010 level by 2050 and to zero by the end of the century. The negotiations are about how what remains should be shared.

In 1992, when the convention was signed, the confrontation was not between North and South but between those who were sceptical about the reality of anthropogenic impact on climate change and those who were convinced that it was sufficiently proven. There was also a United States-Europeconfrontation on burden-sharing. The developing countries were not under any sort of pressure and their demand for common but differentiated responsibility was accepted.

Today, 20 years later, the situation is very different. Rapid growth and the heavy dependence on coal has pushed China into the number one position of emitters in the aggregate. Its per capita emissions are also now at 7.2 tonnes of carbon dioxide, comparable to Europe. They are now under pressure to join in the mitigation effort, and the first concrete result of this is the recently announced United States-China deal where the United States has committed to an absolute reduction in emissions of 26-28 per cent relative to 2005 level before 2025 and China has committed to peaking its emissions not later than 2030 and raising the contribution of non-carbon energy sources from the current 10 per cent to 20 per cent of primary energy supply.

The United States commitment does involve some additional effort on their side. But China got away easily. Its peaking commitment does not stop it from continuing to increase its emissions to 2030 when they may reach 10-12 tonnes per capita, more or less comparable to the United States. The doubling of non-carbon energy is a more serious commitment but readily achievable given the way China is pushing solar and wind energy.

In some ways, the most significant element in the deal is that the United States has accepted differentiation in the nature of the commitment between the two countries. Differentiation on the basis of capacity or developmental need maybe acceptable to the United States. Their problem is with differentiation based on culpability for past emissions.

The fact that the two countries that are quite prepared to be in a minority of one in multilateral negotiations have come up with something positive that they can put forward as the "intended nationally determined contributions" (INDC) will put pressure on others to come up with something credible. Europe has already raised its commitment to a 40 per cent reduction in emissions by 2030 relative to 1990 levels and raising the share of renewables to 27 per cent. Japan, no doubt, will also announce something soon.

This puts India in the cross hairs. We will have to come up with our offer on the mitigation front. Now that China has broken ranks, and South Africa and Brazil have always been more willing to accept some obligation, India will be under pressure to offer a credible contribution to the global effort to manage climate risks.

We need not fear this. We cannot make an offer on a peaking year. Our per capita emissions at 1.7 tonnes are way below China and there is no reason to equate us with them. However, we have a reasonable story to tell on energy efficiency. We can also offer commitments on renewables that are at least as substantial as China's or Europe's promise. The metric that we should push for is of carbon efficiency per unit of gross domestic product (GDP). The report of the Expert Group on Low Carbon Strategies for Inclusive Growth has outlined a path that could give a 42 per cent improvement in carbon efficiency by 2030 at a cost of a little over $800 billion of investment. The merit of this offer is that it gives a basis for demanding equally precise commitments from the developed countries on finance and technology.

An offer to contribute to carbon emission mitigation through carbon efficiency gains need not involve a substantial growth penalty. In the medium term, it will rely on energy efficiency, which is desirable in any case, and renewables, which are fast becoming an attractive proposition in terms of costs. It will also strengthen the case for effective international action on adaptation support, which would be welcome given the substantial adaptation measures we will have to take even if the temperature increase is contained at two degrees Celsius.

Uncontrolled climate change will be hugely harmful to India, and it is in our national interest to do what it takes to get an effective climate agreement. A failure in Paris in 2015 is not in our national interest. We are justified in emphasising equity, and we should insist that it should be a factor in the assessment of the adequacy of the national offers that are put on the table, an assessment that should also take into account developmental needs and capacity. But we must now match the offers from China, the United States and Europe with an offer that looks beyond the 2020 carbon intensity goals that we promised at Copenhagen.