Cost of nuclear power generation

Cost of nuclear power generation

There are 21 nuclear power reactors in the country with a total installed capacity of 5780 MW. Of this, a capacity of 3380 MW comprising 13 reactors, is under International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards. Of the reactors under safeguards, one reactor, Rajasthan Atomic Power Station Unit-1 (RAPS–1) (100 MW) at Rawatbhata, Rajasthan is currently under extended shutdown for techno-economic assessment for continued operation. The Reactors under IAEA safeguards are fuelled with imported fuel, obtained as a result of nuclear cooperation agreements. The remaining reactors are fuelled with indigenous fuel.

The current tariff of nuclear power, both from indigenous reactors and from reactors set up with foreign technical cooperation is comparable with that of other contemporary base-load electricity generating technologies like coal based thermal power stations in the region.

The international cooperation agreements have opened up the possibilities of import of fuel for reactors under IAEA Safeguards and setting up large capacity nuclear power reactors in technical cooperation with foreign countries. In this regard the Government has accorded ‘in principle’ approval of the following sites, to set up Nuclear Power Plants in a phase-wise manner:

Site & Location	In Cooperation with	Capacity (MW)
Kudankulam, Tamil Nadu	Russian Federation	4 x 1000
Haripur, West Bengal		6 x 1000
Jaitapur, Maharashtra	France	6 x 1650
Kovvada, Andhra Pradesh	United States of America	6 x 1000*
Chhaya Mithi Virdi, Gujarat		6 x 1000*

*Nominal Capacity

           The actual percentage increase in power generation, on completion of these projects, would depend on the generation of electricity from other sources at that point of time.

This information was given by the Union Minister of State (Independent Charge) Development of North-Eastern Region (DoNER), MoS PMO, Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions, Atomic Energy and Space, Dr Jitendra Singh in reply to unstarred question in Rajya Sabha today. 

Encouraging the Production of Organic Manure from Bio-Waste

Encouraging the Production of Organic Manure from Bio-Waste

Government is encouraging the production of organic manure from bio-waste under the Capital Investment Subsidy Scheme (CISS) of “National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA)”  programme.  Under this scheme, financial assistance is provided @ 100%  upto a maximum limit of Rs.190 lakh to State Govt./Govt. Agencies and @ 33% upto a maximum limit of Rs.63.00 lakh per unit to individuals/private agencies through NABARD as capital investment for setting up of mechanized Fruit/Vegetable market waste/Agro waste compost production unit of 3000 TPA production capacity.

Government is encouraging the use of organic/bio fertilizer through various schemes/programmes viz: National Mission for sustainable Agriculture (NMSA)/Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY), Rashgtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY), Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH), National Mission on Oilseeds & Oil Palm (NMOOP), National Biogas and Manure Management Programme (NBMMP), Network Project on Organic Farming of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and National Programme on Organic Production (NPOP) of Agricultural & Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA).

            Ministry of New & Renewable Energy is implementing a scheme namely, National Biogas and Manure Management Programme (NBMMP) using cow dung, kitchen waste material etc., as mix feed to produce Biogas for cooking gas and organic enriched bio manure through the implementing Agencies such as State Nodal Departments/State Nodal Agencies and Khadi & Village Industries Commission and Biogas Development and Training Centers (BDTCs).  The pattern of assistance provided to state governments through various schemes for promoting use of organic/bio fertilizer is given below.

RKVY:

Under RKVY, State Governments have flexibility and autonomy in the process of selection, planning, approval and execution of schemes including Organic Farming, as per their priorities.  Accordingly, cost of projects under Organic Farming are approved by respective State Level Sanctioning Committees.

NPOP:

NPOP was notified under Foreign Trade Development & Regulation Act (FTDR) in  year 2001, primarily for regulation and certification of organic commodities meant for export.  It provides institutional mechanism for the implementation of National Standards for Organic Production, through a National Accreditation Policy and Programme.  It covers crop production, animal husbandry, food processing, labeling, storage and transport.

NMOOP:

Has launched a scheme for increasing production and productivity of oilseed crops in the country. The expenditure on subsidies is mostly shared on 75: 25 sharing basis between Central and State Government. Financial assistance is being provided for different type of components including bio-fertilisers, Supply of Rhyzobium culture/Phosphate Solubilising Bacteria (PSB)/ Zinc Solubilising Bacreria (ZSB)/ Azatobacter/ Mycorrhiza and vermi compost.

ICAR:

ICAR Research Centres are involved in developing Package of Practices for different crops and cropping system under Organic Farming in different agro-eco regions of country.

This information was given by the Minister of State for Agriculture Sh. Mohanbhai Kalyanjibhai Kundaria in Lok Sabha today.

Salient Features of Crop Insurance Schemes

Salient Features of Crop Insurance Schemes

Agriculture Insurance Company of India (AIC), 10 private General Insurance Companies namely,  ICICI-Lombard, IFFCO-TOKIO, HDFC-ERGO, Cholamandalam-MS, Tata-AIG, Future Generali India, Reliance, Bajaj Allianz, SBI and Universal Sompo General Insurance companies for implementation of crop insurance programme.  Share of AIC in terms of coverage of farmers has decreased during last three years. 

Salient features of National Crop Insurance Programme (NCIP)

The salient features of the National Crop Insurance Programme (NCIP) are :

Modified National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (MNAIS)

-      actuarial premium rates are charged with a provision of subsidy upto 75%, which is shared by the Central and State Governments on 50 : 50 basis;

-      entire liability of claims is on the implementing insurance companies;

-      it is compulsory for loanee farmers and optional for non-loanee farmers;

-      risk coverage for pre-sowing/prevented sowing and post harvest losses due to cyclone in coastal areas;

-      on account payment up to 25% advance of likely claims as immediate relief in the areas which suffered atleast 50% crop yield loss;

-      more proficient basis for calculation of threshold yield;

-      two higher indemnity levels of 80% & 90% instead of earlier 70%, 80% & 90%;

-      reduction in Unit Area of Insurance to village/ village Panchayat level; and

-      private insurance companies have been involved to provide the benefits of competition.

Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme (WBCIS)

-      Provide coverage against weather deviation from the notified standards on the basis of weather data received from the notified Automatic Weather Stations (AWSs) and Automatic Rain-gauges (ARGs);

-      actuarial premium rates are charged with a provision of subsidy upto 50%, which is shared by the Central and State Governments on 50 : 50 basis;

-      entire liability of claims is on the implementing insurance companies;

-      it is compulsory for loanee farmers and optional for non-loanee farmers;

-      add on coverage in respect of hailstorm and cloud burst on individual assessment basis.

-      private insurance companies have been involved to provide the benefits of competition.

Coconut Palm Insurance Scheme (CPIS)

-      Individual farmer/planter/grower offering atleast 5 healthy nut bearing palms in a contiguous area/plot is eligible for insurance;

-      Provide coverage against total loss of palm on account of happening of peril insured leading to death of the insured palm or its becoming unproductive;

-      Fixed premium rates ranging from Rs. 9/- to Rs. 14/- per palm depending upon the age of palm.  However, Government is providing subsidy upto 50% by GOI and 25% by State Government;

-      Sum insured per palm is ranging from Rs. 900/- to Rs. 1750/-;

-      Scheme is being implemented by AIC.

Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana

Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana

Krishi Sinchayee Yojana with an outlay of Rs.50,000 crores for a period of 5 years (2015-16 to 2019-20) to achieve convergence of investments in irrigation at the field level.

Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) has been formulated amalgamating ongoing schemes viz. Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme (AIBP) of Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation; Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP) of Department of Land Resources; and On Farm Water Management (OFWM) component of National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) of Department of Agriculture and Cooperation. PMKSY is to be implemented in an area development approach, adopting decentralized state level planning and projectised execution, allowing the states to draw their irrigation development plans based on district/blocks plans with a horizon of 5 to 7 years. States can take up projects based on the District/State Irrigation Plan.

All the States and Union Territories including North Eastern States are covered under the programme.

The National Steering Committee (NSC) of PMKSY under the chairmanship of Hon’ble Prime Minister, will provide policy direction to programme framework and a National Executive Committee (NEC) under the chairmanship of Vice Chairman of NITI Aayog will oversee the programme implementation at national level.

Provision has been made under PMKSY during 2015-16 for carrying out extension activities in the field with special focus on water harvesting, water management and crop alignment for farmers and grass root level field functionaries. 

Government has Initiated Several Measures to Increase Forest and Tree Cover:

Government has Initiated Several Measures to Increase Forest and Tree Cover: Javadekar

The Government proposes to implement the tree plantation programme extensively in the country. To increase forest and tree cover in the country, the Central Government has initiated several measures. Notable among them are launching of National Mission for a Green India and taking appropriate measures to put in place a proper institutional mechanism for expeditious utilization of amounts realised in lieu of forest land diverted for non-forest purpose.

The National Mission for a Green India aims at following:

Enhancing quality of forest cover and improving ecosystem services from 4.9 million hectares (mha) of predominantly forest lands, including 1.5 mha of moderately dense forest cover, 3 mha of open forest cover, 0.4 mha of degraded grass lands.

Eco-restoration/afforestation to increase forest cover and eco system services from 1.8 m ha forest/non forest lands, including scrub lands, shifting cultivation areas, abandoned mining areas, ravine lands, mangroves and sea-buckthorn areas. Enhancing tree cover in 0.2 mha Urban and Peri-Urban areas (including institutional lands) Increasing forest cover and eco-system services from Agro-forestry and Social Forestry on 3 mha of non-forest lands

Restoration of 0.1 mha of wetlands and the eco system services thereof. The Central Government has approved National Mission for a Green India in February 2014 as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme for a total cost of Rs 13,000 Crore, having a plan outlay of Rs 2,000 crore for the 12th Five Year Plan (FYP) with a spillover of 1 year in the 13th FYP along with Rs 400 Crores from 13th Finance Commission Grants towards State's Share. The share of Centre : State being in the ratio 75:25 respectively for all States except North-Eastern States and Jammu & Kashmir for which it will be in the ratio of 90:10. The approval also spells out convergence with MGNREGA for Rs.4000 crore, CAMPA for Rs. 6000 crore and National Afforestation Programme for Rs.600 crore. Budget allocation for the Mission in the current financial year is Rs.64.00 crore. To create appropriate institutional mechanism required for expeditious utilization in transparent and efficient manner of the unspent balance of monies collected by the State Governments and Union territory Administrations in lieu of forest land diverted for non-forest purpose which has been placed under the ad hoc Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA) and monies to be realised by the State Governments and Union territory Administrations in lieu of forest land to be diverted in future, the Central Government has introduced the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Bill, 2015 in Parliament. The unspent balance presently available with the ad-hoc CAMPA, a major part of which will be utilised for tree plantations, is of the order of Rs. 38,000 crorers. Similarly, amounts to be realised by the State Governments and Union territory Administrations in lieu of forest land likely to be diverted for non-forest purpose in future along with annual interest to be accrued on unspent balance, a major part of which will also be utilised for tree plantations, will be of the order of about Rs. 6,000 crorers per annum.

The Central Government is also providing assistance to States Governments and Union territory Administrations under a Centrally Sponsored Scheme “National Afforestation Programme (NAP)” for regeneration of degraded forests and adjoining areas through people’s participation. The scheme is being implemented through a decentralized mechanism of State Forest Development Agency (SFDA) at State level, Forest Development Agency (FDA) at Forest Division level and Joint Forest Management Committees (JFMCs) at village level. The Budget allocation for the current financial year under NAP is Rs. 100 crore.

Section-2 of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 inter-alia provides that notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force in a State, no State Government or other authority shall make, except with the prior approval of the Central Government, any order directing that any forest land or any portion thereof may be used for any non-forest purpose. Use of forest land for industrial activities or any other non-forest purpose therefore; requires prior approval of Central Government under Section- 2 of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980.

In some of the proposals seeking approval of Central Government under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 for use of forest land for industrial activities or other non-forest purpose, received by the Central Government during the last three years and the current year, the concerned State Governments and Union territory Administrations have reported that whole or a part of the forest land indicated in the proposals has been utilised by the user agency without the requisite approvals. In some cases non-compliance of conditions stipulated in approval accorded under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 for use of forest land for non-forest purpose has also been reported/detected. In some cases grant/renewal or transfer of leases involving forest land without obtaining requisite prior approval of Central Government under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 have also been reported/detected.

Central Government while according in-principle approval under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 to such proposals, based on facts of each case, stipulated appropriate penal measures. These penal measures include – realisation from the user agency penal Net Present Value (NPV) and funds for creation of penal compensatory afforestation, initiation of proceedings in accordance with the provisions of the section 3 A and 3 B of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 and/or relevant sections of the Indian Forest Act, 1927 and/or the relevant sections of the Local Forest Acts. Final approval to such proposals is accorded only after such penal measures are complied with. State-wise details of incidents of violations reported during the last three years and the current year are being collected and will be laid on Table of the House. 

Government has taken Several Domestic Initiatives to address Climate Change

Government has taken Several Domestic Initiatives to address Climate Change: Javadekar

India has taken several domestic initiatives to address climate change. Government has been implementing the National Action Plan on Climate Change to support domestic actions for adaptation and mitigation. NAPCC has eight National Missions including inter alia, the National Solar Mission, National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency and National Mission on Sustainable Habitat which focus on containing the greenhouse gas emissions in the country. Further, 27 States and 5 Union Territories have prepared State Action Plan on Climate Change (SAPCC) consistent with the objectives of NAPCC, focusing on the state specific issues relating to climate change and strategies to tackle them.

India, being a Non-Annex I country party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), does not have any legally binding commitment to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions. However, government has voluntarily announced to reduce emission intensity of Gross Domestic Product by 20-25% by 2020 from the 2005 level without reckoning the emissions from agriculture sector.

In light of the decision of Conference of Parties held in Lima in 2014, whereby all Parties have to communicate their Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) well in advance of the twenty-first session of the Conference of Parties, by 1st October 2015 in a manner that facilitates clarity, transparency and understanding of the intended nationally determined contributions, Government of India has undertaken an elaborate multi-stakeholder consultation process for finalizing its INDCs for submission ahead of the expected date.

As per a report on ‘India: Greenhouse Gas Inventory-2007’, the net Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions from India in 2007 with Land Use Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) were 1727.71 million tons of CO2 equivalent (eq). Out of which, CO2 emissions were 1221.76 million tons, Methane (CH4) emissions were 20.56 million tons; and Nitrous Oxide (N2O) emissions were 0.24 million tons. GHG emissions from Energy sector constituted 58%, Industry sector constituted 22%, Agriculture sector constituted 17% and Waste sector constituted 3% of the net CO2 eq emissions. The Energy sector emitted 1100.06 million tons of CO2 eq of which 719.31 million tons of CO2 eq were emitted from electricity generation, 142.04 million tons of CO2 eq from the transport sector, 137.84 from Residential and 100.87 million tons of CO2 eq were emitted from other energy sources. Land use, Land use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) sector was a net sink. It sequestered 177.03 million tons of CO2.

The Government has proposed revision of the target of renewable energy capacity of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy to 175 GW by 2022. The revised target of 175 GW comprises capacity addition of 100GW Solar, 60GW Wind, 10GW Biomass and 5 GW Small Hydro Power. Out of 2800 major industries, so far 920 industries have installed on-line continuous (24X7) monitoring devices.

Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change has suggested amendment to the relevant provisions of the Environment protection rules 1986 by proposing stringent norms and standards for compliance by various categories of industries such as Sugar Industry, Paint Industry, Pulp and Paper industry, Fertilizer industry, Cement plants with Co-processing, Brick-kiln industry and Textile industry etc. with the objective to Control pollution, bringing energy efficiency, better solid waste management, water conservation and zero liquid discharge. 

Government has established National Adaptation Fund on Climate Change: Javadekar

Government has established the National Adaptation Fund on Climate Change (NAFCC) with a budget provision of Rs.350 crores for the year 2015-16 and 2016-17, with an estimated requirement of Rs.181.5 crores for financial year 2017-18. The objective of the fund is to assist State and Union Territories that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change in meeting the cost of adaptation. The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) has been appointed as National Implementing Entity (NIE) responsible for implementation of adaptation projects under the (NAFCC). The templates for project preparation and guidelines for implementation of the project have been prepared. The guidelines have outlined the objective, priorities, eligible activities, approval process, implementation, monitoring and evaluation mechanism. The focus of the fund is to assist adaptation projects and programmes to support concrete adaptation activities that reduce the effects of climate change facing communities and sectors.

As of now, there is no provision for any external assistance to be credited to NAFCC. The scheme has been recommended and approved by the competent authority in the month of July, 2015. As such no financial support from NAFCC has been provided so far for adaptation activities under National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) and State Action Plan on Climate Change (SAPCC).

The Adaptation Fund is to assist States that are particularly vulnerable, based on the needs and priorities identified under the SAPCC and the relevant Missions under NAPCC. This information was given by Minister of State (Independent Charge) of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Shri Prakash Javadekar in Lok Sabha today.