Jalan panel submits report on cutting expenses, fund distribution

The expenditure management commission, headed by former Reserve Bank of India (RBI) governor Bimal Jalan, on Saturday submitted its first interim report to Finance Minister Arun Jaitley. While the finer details of the report will not be known till Jaitley and his team of policymakers examine it and make it public, the broad proposals suggest ways for the government to reduce administrative costs and disburse funds for various schemes more efficiently.

A senior government official said the commission might submit a few more interim reports to the government, before presenting a final report early next year.

The panel, which includes former RBI deputy governor Subir Gokarn and former finance secretary Sumit Bose, is studying various government schemes, programmes, acquisitions and projects for which the Centre is spending substantially.

The commission is said to have suggested the Centre shouldn't carry forward pending expenditure from a particular year to subsequent ones to show better expenditure or fiscal deficit numbers. Sources say the panel isn't looking at the pros and cons of various programme or criticising the budgetary allocations towards particular schemes.

Rather, it is recommending ways in which the sum allocated can be spent in the most cost-effective manner.

The three broad areas the commission has examined are the delivery mechanism of programmes, the technology being used to implement these, and the accounting methods used by the government.

The government follows the cash-based accounting system, through which income is counted when cash (or a check) is actually received, and expenses are counted when actually paid. An alternative method is an accrual-based system, wherein transactions are counted as they happen, regardless of when the money is actually received or paid.

Officials said the commission has studied the pros and cons of both methods. Their recommendations in this regard, however, couldn't be ascertained.

Jaitley had announced the formation of the commission in his maiden Budget speech, on July 10 last year. "The time has come to review the allocative and operational efficiencies of government expenditure to achieve maximum output," he had said.

The terms of reference of the commission, constituted on September 4 last year, include reviewing all matters related to central government spending, including suggesting space for increased developmental spending and reviewing the budgeting process and norms under the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act and suggesting ways to meet a reasonable proportion of spending on services through user charges.

It is also to recommend ways to achieve a reduction in financial costs through better cash management, greater use of information technology and improved financial reporting systems.

THE WAY FORWARD

• Broad proposals suggest ways for the govt to cut administrative costs
   
• Panel has suggested ways to spend budgetary allocation effectively
   
• Delivery mechanisms, technology, accounting methods being studied
   
• Finer details will not be known till FM and team make it public

Not a fine approach, Emphasising hefty fines only enhances corruption

Economists understand that there are essentially two ways to monitor proscribed behaviour. Either supervision can be efficient, and most law-breakers are caught; or enforcement can have giant holes, but those who are caught are given excessively stiff punishments in the hope that this will be a deterrent and affect the gain-loss calculation of potential offenders. Weak states, incapable of proper enforcement, usually take the second route. This has been the state of affairs in India for most of its history. Yet it is being argued that, under the new government at the Centre, India will work towards being a better governed country, and not one that seeks short-cuts. Then why is it the case that the old and discredited method of excessive fines is being emphasised instead?

Several recent changes underline this problem - though not all of them emanate from the central government. For example, it is the National Green Tribunal that has last week imposed a fine of Rs 5,000 on individuals seen putting waste, including "religious items" in the Yamuna river. This has understandably caused a great deal of concern - for example, will ashes or flowers both be cause for a fine? There is also a Rs 50,000 fine for throwing "construction material" in the Yamuna. There can be no question that such practices are problematic - but this will likely be a counter-productive measure, if a cleaner river is the objective. What is needed is more careful treatment of sewage - 2,400 million litres of raw sewage flows into the river between Delhi and Agra. This requires institutional intervention, and the building of sewage infrastructure for the rapidly urbanising floodplain.

Other recent suggestions emanating from the government itself are equally problematic. For example, the government has reportedly decided to amend anti-smoking legislation to include an outright ban on the sale of loose cigarettes. The minimum age for smoking has also been raised, from 18 to 21 - although the minimum age was already largely ignored, as is not surprising in a country where many cigarettes are sold through small retailers in the unorganised sector that it is near-impossible to monitor. And the fine for smoking in public is to be raised fivefold, to Rs 1,000 - and even designated smoking areas in restaurants and hotels are to be removed. This will do little but further enable the harassment of small entrepreneurs by agents of the state, especially beat policemen. There is even a suggestion in the draft amendment to the legislation that there be a ban and a hefty fine for spitting tobacco products in public. Paan stains deface this country - but they are near-ubiquitous. The idea that a ban and a fine will change this behaviour reveals a view of state power that needs to be revisited.

One of the most problematic interfaces between the urban Indian and the state is when it comes to traffic offences. The traffic policeman is often viewed as overlooking most offences unless the person committing the offence looks like an easy source of a bribe. This phenomenon will only intensify if the potential bribe becomes larger - as it will, if fines increase. Yet that was planned - even jumping a red light was to lead to a Rs 15,000 fine. The general approach is clear: to use hefty punishments as a method of dissuading wrong-doing. But the simple fact is that, in a country such as India, where the agents of the state do not maintain a good governance record, this will only intensify the harassment and petty corruption that marks law enforcement. It is unfortunate that the current government, which was voted into office on the promise of better but more limited government, has chosen the opposite approach

HDFC Bank, SBI now among top 50 most-valued global banks

Two Indian banks, HDFC Bank and State Bank of India (SBI), now figure in a list of the top 50 global banks in terms of market capitalisation. HDFC Bank, India’s second-largest private lender in terms of asset size, ranks 45th, with a market capitalisation of $39 billion, Bloomberg data show. With a market capitalisation of $38 billion, SBI is ranked 46th.

ICICI Bank, ranked 53rd, is the only other Indian entity to figure in the list of the 100 most valued global banks.

The market capitalisation, or value, of an entity is calculated by multiplying the total number of its shares outstanding by its stock price.

The huge leap in the rankings of Indian lenders is due to a sharp rally in their stocks in the past year. During this period, shares of HDFC Bank gained 50 per cent, while those of SBI nearly doubled. ICICI Bank added about 70 per cent.

A year ago, no Indian bank featured among the 60 most valued global banks. At 65, HDFC Bank had the best ranking among Indian lenders.

The BSE Bankex, a barometer of the performance of banking stocks, has been one of the best-performing sectoral indices in the past year. It gained 75 per cent, against a 33 per cent rise in the benchmark Sensex. The rise in bank stocks was in anticipation of a revival in domestic economic growth, led by a reform push by the new government.

“Expectation that the domestic economy will revive has contributed to gains in the Indian stock market. Monetary policy action and hopes of government reforms have led to an improvement in investor sentiment,” said Vaibhav Agrawal, vice-president (research), Angel Broking.
 

Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) tops the list of global banks, with a market capitalisation of $285 billion, over seven times that of HDFC Bank. Chinese banks dominate the list of the top 10 global banks, with Bank of China ($212 billion), China Construction Bank ($208.1 billion) and Agricultural Bank of China ($202 billion) also figuring in the list.

Wells Fargo ($263 billion) and JP Morgan Chase ($205 billion) are other major global banks, ranked second and fifth, respectively.

Experts say no Indian bank figures in the top 10 list because the country’s banking sector is quite fragmented, with a large number of players. “Compared to India, many Asian economies have fewer banks. China, for instance, has only four major banks. This gives an opportunity to these banks to grow in size. Also, the size of the economy is a factor. The economies of China or the US are much bigger in size than India’s,” said Ashvin Parekh, managing partner at Ashvin Parekh Advisory Services.

While the gross domestic product (GDP) of the US, the world’s largest economy, is about $17 trillion and China’s $9.2 trillion, India’s is $1.9 trillion. Analysts say typically, bank assets grow at about two times the economic growth rate.

In terms of asset size, Indian banks have a lot of catching up to do. HDFC Bank, for instance, has assets of $84 billion, only a fraction of ICBC’s $3 trillion. At $400 billion, SBI has the highest assets among Indian lenders, though it is still a far cry from $2.4 trillion, the average asset size of the top five global banks.

Pulse Polio Immunization Programme

President of India Launches Pulse Polio Immunization Programme

The President of India, Shri Pranab Mukherjee launched the Pulse Polio Immunization Programme by administering polio drops to children at Rashtrapati Bhavan today (January 17, 2015). The National Immunization Day is scheduled to be held on 18th January, 2015. Children of less than 5 years age will be given polio drops as part of the Government of India’s drive to sustain polio eradication from the region. India has been implementing the Pulse Polio Programme since 1995. In India, the last case of wild polio was reported on January 13, 2011. The South-East Asia region of WHO has been certified on March 27, 2014 as ‘polio free’, meaning that transmission of wild poliovirus has been interrupted in this block of 11 countries including India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Indonesia, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Timor-Leste for the last three years. India is mindful of the risks that persist, both on account of indigenous transmission and importation. The risk of importation of wild polio virus from these countries with persistent ongoing transmission still persists and therefore high level of immunity in the population needs to be maintained. The Government of India, therefore, continues to vaccinate children with polio vaccine on the occasion of National Immunization Day (NID) and Sub-NID. Ministry of Water Resources to celebrate 2015-16 as Jal Kranti Varsh The Union Minister for Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, Ms Uma Bharati today said that the Year 2015-16 will be celebrated as ‘Jal Kranti Varsh (Year)’ across the country. Delivering the valedictory address at the 3rd India Water Week here, she said the programme will be celebrated in each district of the country and all efforts will be made to conserve and save water. She also informed that all the State Governments are on board in this noble mission. Referring to Prime Minister’s call for making Water Conservation a true Public Movement, She said, Centre and States should make joint efforts in this endeavour. Making a strong pitch for the revival of Yamuna, Ms Bharati said, inter-linking of rivers has achieved considerable progress and through Yamuna-Sharada link and Pancheswar project of Nepal, more water will flow in the Yamuna in the coming years. She said, Shri Narendra Modi during his Visit to Nepal in the middle of this year took the Pancheshwar issue with the highest authorities in Kathmandu. The Minister expressed confidence that by next year city of Mumbai will also get drinking water through linking of rivers. On Clean Ganga mission, She asserted that power mafia will be crushed and they will not be allowed to kill the holy river.

Scrap Padmas for sportspersons

The recent controversy stirred by national badminton star Saina Nehwal regarding her non-inclusion in the list of recommendations for the Padma Awards sent by the Ministry of Sports to the Union Home Ministry calls for some serious introspection.

From time to time, the Sports Ministry gets embroiled in some controversy or the other, which sends out a clear message to our countrymen that all is not well with sports. The malady of favouritism, corruption and unfair practices seems to have penetrated deep into the sports arena, which is proving to be malefic to the overall development of sports.

Sportspersons have started knocking on the doors of the courts to seek justice, as was done by Commonwealth gold medallist and pugilist Manoj Kumar who got the Arjuna Award ultimately through the court's intervention. When undeserving sportspersons are recommended and ultimately bag the Arjuna Award, it sends out wrong signals to other sportspersons that not fair play and impartiality, but corruption and favouritism, reign supreme in the Ministry of Sports. The Arjuna Award to little-known squash player Anaka Alankamony for her not-very-significant achievements is a case in point. Despite her not being a national champion in the senior’s league, she was recommended and got the award largely due to the fact that her case was backed by the head of the selection committee. The message sent out to the sports fraternity was loud and clear. Right connections in the selection committee and the Sports Ministry can do wonders.

Saina's grievance that She had been overlooked in the recommendations sent by the Ministry of Sports for the Padma Bhushan to the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) to be announced on the occasion of Republic Day this year. Instead, twin Olympics medallist  Sushil Kumar was recommended, though he had not completed the mandatory five years hiatus after the award of Padma Shri. He had been awarded the Padma Shri in 2012 and would have been eligible next year whereas Saina, having been awarded the Padma Shri in 2010, was eligible for the award this year.

The fact that the Union Sports Minister chose to concede her demand by announcing that he will recommend her case for the award of Padma Bhushan, even though the letter recommending her case from the Badminton Association of India (BAI) was received by him as late as on 3 January, reflects poorly on the Ministry, which showed itself to be weak-kneed and easily swayed. The damage inflicted to the prestige of the Padma awards by bowing to the wishes of the sportspersons needs to be fathomed by the powers that be.

What is intriguing is the fact that while on the one hand the Sports Minister claims that the letter recommending Saina's name for the award was received by him at his residence on 3 January, the BAI emphatically states that her case for the award was recommended as far back as August last year ~ well before the last date of 20 August set by the Ministry. The BAI had also received confirmation from the Sports Ministry regarding the receipt of the letter recommending her case. If, as claimed by the Sports Minister, the letter was not received earlier, how is it that Saina was told by some official in the Ministry that she had not been recommended, instead of clarifying that her case had not been received in the Ministry till the time the recommendation of Sushil Kumar was sent to the MHA? It is quite evident that either the Sports Minister had been misled or misinformed or a deliberate attempt was made to keep Saina out of reckoning for the award of the Padma Bhushan. The matter calls for an internal probe as to why the Sports Minister was misled and responsibility fixed for taking action against the official concerned for such misdemeanour.

If, as he contends, the recommendation for the award of the Padma Bhushan was received as late as 3 January, the Sports Minister Mr.Sarbananda Sonowal would have been well within the rules to reject the claim of Saina or pass on the letter to the concerned officials of the Ministry for further processing the case and sending a suitable reply to BAI. But he preferred to straightaway recommend her case and throw the ball in the court of the MHA to take a final decision.  The last date for receipt of nominations in the MHA was 15 September 2014. His contention that he was led by his sole motive of encouraging sportspersons in his final decision does not hold much water. Would the heavens have fallen if she was awarded the medal next year and not this year?  By his magnanimous gesture of sending her case to the MHA, Mr Sonowal has opened a Pandora's Box for other sportspersons too to stake their claims for the award. A step in that direction has already been initiated by ace boxer and 2008 Olympic bronze medallist Vijender Singh who has staked his claim for the award of Padma Bhushan as he feels that his achievements are at par with that of Saina. Will the Sports Minister make an exception this time too and send his case to the MHA for consideration?

It is sad indeed that our sportspersons demand honours for their efforts in the sports arena.  Though Saina avers that she did not demand the Padma Bhushan but merely sought clarification, the fact remains that she publicly aired her grievance. Such demands tend to belittle the awards and even the other deserving recipients as the message sent out to the people of the country is that these awards are there for the asking and all that one need is right connections and influence in the corridors of powers where the recommendations and conferment of these awards are decided.

What is interesting is the fact that those aspiring for these Padma awards are already recipients of the prestigious Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna award and the Arjuna Award, apart from Padma Shri and cash awards of lakhs of rupees. Not that we begrudge them the money, but some of them are lakhpatis and crorepatis considering the amount of cash they get with every medal won in the international events.  Gujarat government has a policy of paying cash award of Rs 5 crore, 3 crore and 2 crore for those who bag gold, silver and bronze medals, respectively, in the Olympics. For the Asian Games medal winners, it is Rs 2 crore, 1 crore and 50 lakh for those who secure the first three positions. Gold, silver and bronze medallists in the Commonwealth Games get Rs 1 crore, 50 lakh and 25 lakh respectively.  In the Nationals, those who clinch the gold, silver and bronze become entitled to Rs 3 lakh, 2 lakh and 1 lakh, respectively.

The Haryana government's sops are more alluring. An Olympics gold medallist gets Rs 6 crore, a silver medallist Rs 4 crore and a bronze medallist becomes entitled to Rs 2.5 crore. These cash rewards are apart from the handsome amounts given by the Sports Ministry to all medal winners of various international events. Consequent to her raising the issue of non-payment of incentive amounts by the Telangana government on Tweeter, Saina was paid the amount along with others by the government last year.

Since the sportspersons of our country have a separate set of awards, that is, the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna award and the Arjuna Award apart from the other awards doled out by the States, the Ministry of Home Affairs could seriously consider keeping out sportspersons from the list of awardees of Padma Awards. Some of the more prominent sportspersons may in the years ahead go on to receive the Dhyan Chand Award for life time achievements and/or even the prestigious Dhronacharya Awards for training other sportspersons who bag medals in the international arena.

If it is still felt that prominent sportspersons need to be given due recognition by conferment of the Padma Awards, it should be done in very exceptional cases, rather than as a rule, and that too after due consideration to their contribution to the sports and to the country as a whole over a period of decades, rather than for a few years. Now that the portals to the award of Bharat Ratna have been opened to sportspersons too, this most prestigious award should be awarded to legends like Dhyan Chand as has been done in the case of Sachin Tendulkar. Had better sense prevailed among the powers that ruled the country after Independence, Dhyan Chand could have been honoured with the highest civilian award during his life time and the nation thus expressed its gratitude to him for his incredible and peerless contribution to the nation and the game. Better late than never, not just the sportspersons but the whole nation will laud the government if the hockey legend is honoured at the earliest.    

2014 Earth's hottest year on record, say U.S. scientists

2014 was Earth's hottest on record in new evidence that people are disrupting the climate by burning fossil fuels that release greenhouse gases into the air, two U.S. government agencies said on Friday.

The White House said the studies, by the U.S. space agency NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), showed climate change was happening now and that action was needed to cut rising world greenhouse gas emissions.

The 10 warmest years since records began in the 19th century have all been since 1997, the data showed. Last year was the warmest, ahead of 2010, undermining claims by some skeptics that global warming has stopped in recent years.

Record temperatures in 2014 were spread around the globe, including most of Europe stretching into northern Africa, the western United States, far eastern Russia into western Alaska, parts of interior South America, parts of eastern and western coastal Australia and elsewhere, NASA and NOAA said.

"While the ranking of individual years can be affected by chaotic weather patterns, the long-term trends are attributable to drivers of climate change that right now are dominated by human emissions of greenhouse gases," said Gavin Schmidt, director of NASA's Goddard Institute of Space Studies in New York.

"The data shows quite clearly that it's the greenhouse gas trends that are responsible for the majority of the trends," he told reporters. Emissions were still rising "so we may anticipate further record highs in the years to come."

U.N. studies show there already are more extremes of heat and rainfall and project ever more disruptions to food and water supplies. Sea levels are rising, threatening millions of people living near coasts, as ice melts from Greenland to Antarctica.

Paris meeting in December

Next December, about 200 governments will meet in Paris to try to reach a deal to limit global warming, shifting to renewable energies. China and the United States, the top emitters of greenhouse gases, say they are cooperating more to achieve a U.N. accord.

The new data "is another reminder that climate change is not a problem for the future — it's happening here and now and we can't wait to take action," a White House official said in a statement.

Opponents of the proposed Keystone XL pipeline that would transport Canadian crude oil across the United States said the new data made it all the more pressing to prevent the construction of the pipeline.

But U.S. Senator James Inhofe, a Republican who is the Senate's leading climate change skeptic, said the temperature difference between 2014 and 2010 was so insignificant as to prove there was no need for more stringent regulations by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

"Human activity is clearly not the driving cause for global warming, and is not leading our planet to the brink of devastation that many alarmists want us to believe," he said.

The U.N.'s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) says it is at least 95 per cent probable that human activities, rather than natural variations in the climate caused by factors such as sunspots, are to blame for rising temperatures.

Still, a Paris deal will be hard to achieve since curbs on fossil fuel use are unpopular in many nations. Low oil prices may also discourage a shift to cleaner wind and solar power.

"The political challenges of organizing countries to respond, particularly through the UN process, remain very high," Michael Levi, a fellow on energy and environment at the Council on Foreign Relations in New York, told Reuters.

Rowan Sutton, director of climate research at Britain's National Centre for Atmospheric Science at the University of Reading, said a single year did not mean much because it might be a freak hot year.

"But the fact that now 14 of the 15 warmest years on record have occurred since the turn of the century shows just how clear global warming has become," he said.

Even so, temperatures have not risen as fast as they did in the 1980s or 1990s, taking an unusually warm 1998 as a starting point. The IPCC has described it as a hiatus in warming.

No El Nino factor

Since 1880, Earth's average surface temperature has warmed by about 1.4 degrees Fahrenheit (0.8 degree Celsius), NASA said. The NASA and NOAA analyses showed that the world's oceans all warmed last year, offsetting somewhat more moderate temperatures over land.

The average temperature across global land and ocean surfaces was 1.24 degrees F (0.69 degree C) above the 20th century average, NOAA said.

The scientists noted that the record was set in a year that did not have the weather pattern known as El Nino, which can heat up the atmosphere and has been a factor in many past record-setting years, including 1998.

The United Nations says it is already clear that promises for emissions curbs at the Paris summit will be too weak to get on track for a U.N. goal of limiting global warming to 3.6 degrees F (2 degrees C) above pre-industrial times.

Scientists without a scientific temper

India has not produced any Nobel Prize winner in science in the last 85 years — largely because of the lack of a scientific environment in the country

Jawaharlal Nehru coined the term ‘scientific temper’ in his book The Discovery of India, which was published in 1946. He was also the President of the Association of Scientific Workers of India (ASWI), which was registered as a Trade Union, and with which I was closely associated with in the 1940s and the early 1950s. (This may be the only example of a Prime Minister of a democracy being the President of a Trade Union.) One of the objectives of ASWI was to propagate scientific temper. It was very active in the beginning, but fizzled out by the 1960s as the bulk of scientists in the country, including many who were occupying high positions, were themselves not committed to scientific temper which calls for rationality, reason and lack of belief in any dogma, superstition or manifest falsehood.

The conclusion that our very own scientists — who would be expected to be leaders in the development of scientific temper — did not possess scientific temper themselves and were just as superstitious as any other group was supported by another incident in 1964. Following a statement by Satish Dhawan (who later became Secretary, Department of Space), Abdur Rahman (a distinguished historian of science) and I, set up an organisation called The Society for Scientific Temper, in January 1964, the founding members of which included distinguished scientists like Francis Crick, a Nobel Prize winner. For membership to the society, the following statement had to be signed: “I believe that knowledge can be acquired only through human endeavour and not through revelation, and that all problems can and must be faced in terms of man’s moral and intellectual resources without invoking supernatural powers.”

We were disillusioned when we approached scientist after scientist and all of them refused to sign the statement. Clearly they were devoid of scientific temper. Following this disillusionment, I persuaded Professor Nurul Hasan, then Education Minister, to have the following clause included in Article 51A in the 42nd Amendment of the Constitution in 1976: “It shall be the duty of every citizen of Indian “to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of enquiry and reform.”

This should have woken up our scientists and reminded them of their duty vis-à-vis scientific temper, but I do not believe that the situation in this respect is any better, even today, than what it was 50-60 years ago. Let me cite three examples.

Little improvement

During the previous Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) government, then Human Resources Development Minister Murli Manohar Joshi asked the University Grants Commission to issue a circular to all universities stating that they should start a degree course in astrology. For this, he said, a special grant would be given. My colleague Chandana Chakrabarti and I filed a writ petition in the Supreme Court challenging this dispensation. Our lawyer was Prashant Bhushan. The petition was admitted but was eventually dismissed (as could be expected), for belief in astrology — which is totally unscientific and irrational and has been repeatedly shown to be a myth — is widespread, with those who dispense justice also not being immune to it. Not one scientist came forward in support of us; nor did any of the six national science academies we have, on which a substantial amount of public funds are spent every year. Our supporters, who even sent us unsolicited funds to fight the case, were all non-scientists. In fact, recognising the above inadequacies of our science academies and their insensitivity to science-related social problems in general, I resigned from the fellowship of three of our science academies in 1993.

The second example would be the silence of our scientists and the six science academies when, last year, Prime Minister Narendra Modi, while addressing a group of scientists in Mumbai, claimed that organ transplantation was known in ancient India — he gave Ganesha with his elephant head and human torso as an example.

The third example would be the much publicised symposium on “Ancient Sciences through Sanskrit” at the 102nd Indian Science Congress in Mumbai, which was held earlier this month. At this meeting, it was said that India had jumbo aircraft (60 x 60 feet; in some cases 200 feet long) that flew between continents and planets 9,000 years ago (some 4,500 years before Harappa and Mohenjo-daro). Not only that, it was also claimed that we had a radar system better than the present one, based on the principle that every animate or inanimate object emits energy all the time. And in the 21st century, “fusion of science and spirituality will happen because of the law of inter-penetration,” it was said. I doubt if any serious academic would have heard of this law which would not make any sense. These and many other absurd claims made at the symposium were an insult to the several real scientific accomplishments of ancient and medieval India.

Winding up academies

None of our so-called scientists of note and scientific academies has raised a voice against these claims. Surely, the distinguished scientists who organised the Science Congress knew what was likely to be said at the symposium, but, perhaps, they believed in it all or were pressurised politically. Therefore, there is a strong case for the annual Indian Science Congress to be banned (as I also argued in my article in The Hindu, “Why the Indian Science Congress meets should be stopped” (Open Page, September 30, 1997), or its name to be changed to Indian Anti-science Congress.

As regards the science academies, they can easily be wound up without any damage being caused to Indian science. India has not produced any Nobel Prize winner in science in the last 85 years – largely because of the lack of a scientific environment in the country, of which scientific temper would be an important component.