A voice for the poor and deprived fades away

The legendary jurist V.R. Krishna Iyer, who took up the cause of the poor and the underprivileged in his capacities as a Minister in Kerala, a Supreme Court judge, and post-retirement, a human rights activist, is no more. He was 99.

Justice Iyer is known for a jurisprudence that stood out for its emphasis on reforming the criminal justice system, for landmark judgments, and for the environmental struggles.

The death occurred in a private hospital here around 3.30 p.m. on Thursday. He was admitted to the hospital on November 24 with chest congestion, high blood pressure and poor food intake.

He suffered a stroke on December 1 and his left side was paralysed. He was unconscious since Thursday morning, a doctor in the hospital said. The death followed a cerebral vascular accident because of the worsening cardiac condition and renal failure, along with respiratory tract infection. He suffered cardiac failure in 2012 and had been experiencing a renal condition since then. However, despite his illness, he had wonderful clarity of mind, the doctor said.

His son Paramesh Krishna Iyer and daughter-in-law Indrani were at his side at the time of his death. His wife predeceased him. He is survived by two sons.

Justice Iyer’s body, which was brought to his residence, “Satgamaya,” in the evening, will be kept at the Rajiv Gandhi Indoor stadium from 9 a.m. to 2 p.m. on Friday for the public to pay homage. The funeral will be conducted at the Ravipuram crematorium in Kochi at 6 p.m.

“Without exaggeration or pessimism, I may sum up my long period in this world as the ‘home of lost causes, forsaken beliefs, unpopular names and impossible loyalties.’ What redeems my mind and mood is the satisfaction that I have dedicated my capacities not for making money but for wiping the tears of others — this being my tryst with destiny,” he said in the preface to his autobiography, Wandering in Many Worlds.

This humane bent of mind was on display earlier this year, when Justice Iyer, braving ill health, actively campaigned against the death penalty for the convicts in the Rajiv Gandhi assassination case. When the Supreme Court commuted the sentence, he wrote in an article, The barbarity of the death penalty, inThe Hindu: “This marks a point where India has touched its cultural Everest.”

India's GDP growth will overtake China's over 2016-18: Goldman Sachs

A day after global brokerage firm Macquarie painted a rosy picture of the Indian economy and raised its target level for the stock indices for the next 12 months, Goldman Sachssaid India was set to overtake China and become the fastest-growing emerging market during 2016-18.

Goldman Sachs India managing director and chief Indiaeconomist Tushar Poddar and chief Asia-Pacific strategist Timothy Moe said on Thursday they believed the Indian economy was beginning a new growth cycle, driven by reduced macro imbalances, benign global conditions (lower commodity prices) and structural reforms.

The Asia-Pacific research division of the foreign investment banking firm believes the Indian economy is on the mend. In 2015, Goldman Sachs expects the markets to give 13 per cent returns (after factoring in currency depreciation). The brokerage expects Nifty to close at 9,500 by the end of 2015, which is, however, less than 9,960 predicted by Macquarie.

Structural reforms and the focus on reviving the economy is expected to boost India’s gross domestic product (GDP) growth to 6.3 per cent in calendar 2015 (6.5 per cent in FY16) and 6.8 per cent in calendar 2016 (7 per cent in FY17), forecasts Goldman Sachs. In contrast, it expects China to grow by seven per cent in 2015 and 6.7 per cent in 2016. India’s growth is expected to accelerate in the coming years, while China would witness a gradual slowdown in growth, which economists prefer to describe as “long-landing”.

China's growth in the coming years is expected to remain below seven per cent, while India’s growth revives in the coming years, making it the fastest-growing emerging market. Other emerging markets such as Brazil, Russia and South Africa are expected to grow at a much slower pace on weaker commodity prices.

Even though Prime Minister Narendra Modi has been faulted for his many foreign trips and absence of “big bang” reforms, Goldman Sachs believes that a cyclical recovery has already begun with demand picking up. Financial conditions have significantly eased and liquidity conditions have improved. The government is looking at easing investment conditions in India and focusing on project clearances. Also, 2015 is expected to see a rush of foreign direct investments (FDI) coming into India, thanks to liberalising the defence, insurance and construction sectors.

Moe believes Modi’s recent foreign trips will result in close of $36 billion of FDI in the next calendar year. If the monthly inflow of $3 billion of FDI flows materialises, as anticipated by Goldman Sachs, it would outpace the $29 billion that came into Indian equities in 2010 — the highest in 10 years. In calendar 2013, foreign institutional investors poured in $20 billion into Indian equities, while this year has seen inflows of $16 billion so far.

Goldman Sachs also expects the Indian rupee to remain largely stable against the dollar, thanks to the capital flows. This means that even as the US Federal Reserve begins to increase rates next year, India will not see the kind of turmoil seen in 2013. However, India's rupee could appreciate strongly against other developed market currencies such as the euro and the British pound.

The biggest risk to India's growth story will come from the tardy implementation of reforms. The government has its task cut out as far as reforms in the financial sectors and in governance, labour and technology are concerned. Goldman Sachs believes the government will be able to push through reforms to boost manufacturing and infrastructure, implement goods and services tax, use technology to cut red tape and create a more friendly business environment. However, where the government can falter are labour reforms and pushing through changes in the civil services.

Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP) Scheme

Government of India has introduced the Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao (BBBP) scheme for survival, protection & education of the girl child. It aims to address the issue of declining Child Sex Ratio (CSR) through a mass campaign across the country targeted at changing societal mindsets & creating awareness about the criticality of the issue. The Scheme will have focussed intervention & multi-sectoral action in 100 districts with low Child Sex Ratio.  The criteria/norms for selection/identification of 100 districts under the BetiBachaoBetiPadao programe are as under:- i)        87 Districts have been selected from 23 States/UTs having Child Sex Ratio below the National average of 918. ii)       8 Districts  have been selected from 8 States/UTs having Child Sex Ratio above National average of 918 but showing declining trend iii)     5 Districts have been selected from 5 States/UTs having Child Sex Ratio above National average of 918 and showing improving trend so that other parts of country can learn from them. It is a joint initiative of Ministry of Women and Child Development, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and Ministry of Human Resource Development. The Sectoral interventions under the programme include the following: i)        Ministry of WCD: Promote registration of pregnancies in first trimester in AnganwadiCentres (AWCs); Undertake Training of stakeholders; Community Mobilization & Sensitization; Involvement of Gender Champions; Reward & recognition of institutions & frontline workers. ii)       Ministry of Health & Family Welfare: Monitor implementation of Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (PCP&DT)Act, 1994; Increased institutional deliveries; Registration of births; Strengthening PNDT Cells; Setting up Monitoring Committees. iii)     Ministry of Human Resource Development: Universal enrolment of girls; Decreased drop-out rate; Girl Child friendly standards in schools; Strict implementation of Right to Education (RTE); Construction of Functional Toilets for girls. As the Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao (BBBP) scheme has been approved recently, no fund allocation has been made so far to the States.

President Putin’s Visit Will Provide Fresh Impetus to Excellent Bilateral Relations between Two Nations

President of the Russian Federation to Visit India for the 15th Annual India-Russia Summit on 10-11 December

The President of the Russian Federation, H.E. Mr. Vladimir V. Putin, will pay an official visit to India on 10-11 December, 2014, for the 15th Annual India-Russia Summit. The Official Spokesperson of the Ministry of External Affairs Shri Syed Akbaruddin along with Shri Ajay Bisaria, Joint Secretary (Eurasia) told media persons in a media briefing in New Delhi today that Mr. Vladimir Putin will be accompanied by a high level official and business delegation. During the visit, President Putin will hold detailed talks with Prime Minister Narendra Modi, both in the restricted and delegation format. He will call on the President of India, Shri Pranab Mukherjee who will host a Banquet in honour of the dignitary. The two leaders are also expected to jointly interact with Chief Executive Officers of major companies from both the countries. President Putin’s visit is a landmark event and is expected to provide a fresh impetus to the existing excellent bilateral relations between our two countries. A dominant theme of this Summit will be the spelling out by the two leaders of a joint vision of our relationship for the next decade. It will provide a roadmap for enhancing the partnership between our two countries to qualitatively new levels. It will have a strong focus on redefining the economic partnership between our countries. Several documents are under preparation for signing at the Summit, in the fields of defence, nuclear energy, customs, banking and energy. The India-Russia Annual Summit process was initiated under President Putin’s leadership during his visit to India in October, 2000. It has proved a highly effective mechanism for both countries to take high-level stock of India-Russia relations and to impart direction and impetus to them. The last Summit was held in Moscow during the visit of former Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh to Russia in October, 2013. The two countries enjoy today what we call a special and strategic partnership. President Putin is known as a close friend of India and an architect of this strategic partnership. This has been strengthened considerably over the last 14 years in important and diverse areas. In fact, Annual Summits are at the apex of an elaborate multi-layered mechanism or machinery for bilateral interaction, one of the largest that we have with any country in the world. The other key institutional mechanism for high-level dialogue between the two countries are an Intergovernmental Commission on Military Technical Cooperation, co-chaired by the two Defence Ministers; and an Intergovernmental Commission on trade, economic, scientific, technological and cultural cooperation which our External Affairs Minister co-chairs with Deputy Prime Minister Rogozin. We also have the India-Russia Trade & Investment Forum which is co-chaired by our Commerce & Industry Minister and the Russian Minister for economic development. This is a very significant visit. It will be the first Annual Summit meeting between the President Putin and Prime Minister Modi. The two leaders have already met twice this year. They first met on the sidelines of the BRICS Summit in Brazil in July for what was a very warm and friendly conversation. Prime Minister Modi mentioned at that meeting that every child in India knows that our closest friend is Russia. They met for the second time in Australia for the G20 Summit on November 15-16. The Prime Minister also met with the Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev on the sidelines of the East Asia Summit in Myanmar on November 13th. Russia is a long-standing and a steadfast partner for India. We attach the greatest importance to our bilateral relations. Our Prime Minister considers our relation with Russia a major foreign policy priority for the country. He has warm recollections of his three visits to Russia as Chief Minister to Gujarat and has been very happy at his interactions with President Putin. We’ve had intense exchanges with this key partner ever since the new government took office India. Russian Deputy Prime Minister Rogozin visited New Delhi in June and in November this year. During his last visit Deputy Prime Minister Rogozin co-chaired the 20th Session of the Intergovernmental Commission along with our External Affairs Minister Smt. Sushma Swaraj. Our External Affairs Minister has also met her Russian Counterpart Foreign Minister Lavrov on the sidelines of the UN General Assembly and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) Summit in Dushanbe. The Secretary of the Russian Security Council, Nikolai Patrushev visited New Delhi last week for a meeting with our National Security advisor. Russia is a significant partner for India in strategic sectors like defence, nuclear security and science, including space. Russia is also our primary defence partner and will remain so for decades. Bilateral economic, commercial and investment ties between India and Russia have been growing but are way below potential. Bilateral trade in 2013 stood at about US $ 10 billion and is projected to stay at the same level in 2014. We are making strenuous efforts to create conducive conditions for strengthening our economic linkages through trade & investment. We are keenly interested in participating in more hydrocarbon projects in Russia. There has also been a substantial increase in tourist inflows between the two countries in recent years. The recently announced e-visa facility has also been extended to Russian nationals and this expected to boost tourist arrivals further. Cultural exchange is an important component of India-Russia relations. The "Festival of Russian Culture” is being celebrated in India this year and the "Year of Indian Culture” will be celebrated in Russia next year. Russia is also amongst our most important interlocutors on regional, international and multilateral issues. Our two countries work closely together in international fora, at the United Nations and other groupings such as the G20, BRICS, EAS and Russia-India-China (RIC). The two leaders can be expected to exchange views on the developments in the regions and developing cooperation in forums where we are members. We have an identity or similarity of views with Russia on important global issues including on threats from terrorism, particularly in our shared neighbourhood, on multi-polarity as an important element in the global architecture and the need to defuse the cold war-like tensions that are increasingly manifesting themselves in global relations. India has said clearly that it cannot be party to any sanctions against Russia.

official answer key for CSAT by UKPSC HARIDWAR,samveg ias,dehradun

http://ukpsc.gov.in/files/PCS_Pre_Exam_2012_Answer_Key_(G.A.)_-_2012.pdf


COMBINED STATE CIVIL/UPPER SUBORDINATE SERVICE (PRE) EXAM -2012


Sub. : General Aptitude
Answer Key Series A

COMBINED STATE CIVIL/UPPER SUBORDINATE SERVICE (PRE) EXAM -2012
Sub. : General Aptitude
Q. No. Ans key Q. No. Ans key
1 D 51 B
2 A 52 A
3 B 53 B
4 C 54 D
5 C 55 C
6 A 56 B
7 D 57 B
8 A 58 D
9 B 59 D
10 C 60 C
11 A 61 B
12 C 62 D
13 B 63 C
14 B 64 A
15 D 65 C
16 C 66 B
17 D 67 D
18 C 68 B
19 A 69 C
20 B 70 B
21 C 71 A
22 C 72 A
23 D 73 B
24 B 74 C
25 B 75 D
26 A 76 B
27 C 77 C
28 D 78 A
29 C 79 B
30 C 80 D
31 B 81 B
32 D 82 A
33 B 83 C
34 C 84 B
35 D 85 B
36 A 86 C
37 D 87 A
38 B 88 C
39 D 89 D
40 C 90 A
41 B 91 D
42 B 92 C
43 C 93 B
44 D 94 B
45 C 95 A
46 A 96 D
47 B 97 C
48 A 98 A
49 A 99 B
50 C 100 C
Answer Key Series B
COMBINED STATE CIVIL/UPPER SUBORDINATE SERVICE (PRE) EXAM -2012
Sub. : General Aptitude
Q. No. Ans key Q. No. Ans key
1 B 51 B
2 C 52 A
3 C 53 C
4 D 54 B
5 B 55 C
6 B 56 D
7 A 57 B
8 C 58 C
9 D 59 A
10 C 60 B
11 C 61 D
12 B 62 A
13 D 63 A
14 A 64 B
15 C 65 C
16 D 66 C
17 A 67 A
18 D 68 D
19 B 69 A
20 B 70 D
21 C 71 C
22 B 72 A
23 B 73 C
24 C 74 B
25 D 75 B
26 C 76 D
27 A 77 C
28 B 78 D
29 A 79 C
30 A 80 B
31 D 81 A
32 B 82 C
33 A 83 B
34 B 84 B
35 D 85 C
36 C 86 A
37 B 87 B
38 B 88 A
39 D 89 D
40 D 90 C
41 C 91 B
42 B 92 C
43 D 93 D
44 C 94 D
45 A 95 C
46 C 96 A
47 B 97 B
48 D 98 C
49 B 99 B
50 C 100 A

Answer Key Series C

COMBINED STATE CIVIL/UPPER SUBORDINATE SERVICE (PRE) EXAM -2012
Sub. : General Aptitude
Q. No. Ans key Q. No. Ans key
1 B 51 A
2 B 52 C
3 C 53 B
4 D 54 B
5 C 55 D
6 A 56 C
7 B 57 D
8 A 58 C
9 A 59 B
10 D 60 C
11 C 61 C
12 A 62 C
13 B 63 D
14 D 64 B
15 C 65 B
16 B 66 A
17 B 67 B
18 D 68 D
19 D 69 C
20 C 70 C
21 B 71 B
22 D 72 D
23 C 73 A
24 A 74 C
25 C 75 D
26 B 76 A
27 D 77 D
28 B 78 B
29 C 79 B
30 B 80 C
31 A 81 C
32 C 82 B
33 B 83 A
34 C 84 C
35 D 85 A
36 B 86 B
37 C 87 B
38 A 88 C
39 B 89 B
40 D 90 C
41 A 91 D
42 B 92 A
43 B 93 D
44 C 94 A
45 C 95 B
46 A 96 C
47 D 97 B
48 A 98 A
49 D 99 D
50 A 100 C
SERIES D

STATE CIVIL/UPPER SUBORDINATE SERVICE (PRE) EXAM -2012
Sub. : General Aptitude
Q. No. Ans key Q. No. Ans key
1 B 51 A
2 B 52 C
3 C 53 B
4 D 54 B
5 C 55 D
6 A 56 C
7 B 57 D
8 A 58 C
9 A 59 B
10 D 60 C
11 C 61 C
12 A 62 C
13 B 63 D
14 D 64 B
15 C 65 B
16 B 66 A
17 B 67 B
18 D 68 D
19 D 69 C
20 C 70 C
21 B 71 B
22 D 72 D
23 C 73 A
24 A 74 C
25 C 75 D
26 B 76 A
27 D 77 D
28 B 78 B
29 C 79 B
30 B 80 C
31 A 81 C
32 C 82 B
33 B 83 A
34 C 84 C
35 D 85 A
36 B 86 B
37 C 87 B
38 A 88 C
39 B 89 B
40 D 90 C
41 A 91 D
42 B 92 A
43 B 93 D
44 C 94 A
45 C 95 B
46 A 96 C
47 D 97 B
48 A 98 A
49 D 99 D
50 A 100 C

official answer key for general study by UKPSC HARIDWAR,samveg ias,dehradun

DEAR CANDIDATE,DISCUSS THE QUESTION'S ANS and if u have doubt definitly make a complain to ukpsc.
see the ans key


http://ukpsc.gov.in/files/recruitment/PCS_Pre_Exam_2012_Answer_Key_(GS)_-_2012.pdf


SET A
Q. No. Ans key Q. No. Ans key Q. No. Ans key
1 D 51 A 101 C
2 A 52 D 102 B
3 B 53 C 103 A
4 D 54 B 104 C
5 B 55 C 105 D
6 A 56 B 106 A
7 D 57 B 107 B
8 A 58 A 108 A
9 C 59 B 109 B
10 D 60 D 110 A
11 D 61 C 111 B
12 B 62 C 112 D
13 A 63 A 113 B
14 C 64 C 114 A
15 D 65 D 115 D
16 D 66 C 116 A
17 C 67 A 117 C
18 B 68 C 118 A
19 C 69 B 119 B
20 A 70 A 120 D
21 D 71 A 121 B
22 D 72 B 122 B
23 A 73 A 123 C
24 A 74 A 124 A
25 D 75 A 125 C
26 B 76 B 126 B
27 C 77 D 127 C
28 D 78 A 128 D
29 A 79 A 129 C
30 A 80 D 130 B
31 B 81 B 131 A
32 A 82 C 132 C
33 D 83 B 133 B
34 A 84 A 134 A
35 C 85 B 135 D
36 B 86 A 136 B
37 D 87 B 137 D
38 C 88 C 138 A
39 C 89 B 139 D
40 D 90 A 140 A
41 C 91 C 141 C
42 D 92 D 142 A
43 C 93 A 143 B
44 C 94 C 144 C
45 A 95 B 145 D
46 D 96 C 146 B
47 B 97 A 147 C
48 D 98 B 148 C
49 B 99 C 149 A
50 A 100 A 150 D
COMBINED STATE CIVIL/UPPER SUBORDINATE SERVICE (PRE) EXAM -2012
Sub. : General Studies
Answer Key Series B

COMBINED STATE CIVIL/UPPER SUBORDINATE SERVICE (PRE) EXAM -2012
Sub. : General Studies
Q. No. Ans key Q. No. Ans key Q. No. Ans key
1 C 51 C 101 A
2 C 52 B 102 D
3 D 53 A 103 A
4 C 54 C 104 A
5 D 55 D 105 A
6 C 56 A 106 B
7 C 57 C 107 C
8 A 58 B 108 D
9 D 59 C 109 B
10 B 60 B 110 C
11 D 61 B 111 C
12 D 62 C 112 A
13 A 63 A 113 D
14 A 64 C 114 C
15 D 65 B 115 A
16 C 66 A 116 B
17 B 67 C 117 D
18 C 68 D 118 B
19 B 69 A 119 A
20 B 70 B 120 D
21 A 71 A 121 A
22 B 72 A 122 C
23 D 73 A 123 D
24 B 74 B 124 D
25 C 75 D 125 D
26 A 76 B 126 A
27 C 77 A 127 C
28 D 78 D 128 D
29 C 79 A 129 D
30 A 80 C 130 C
31 C 81 A 131 B
32 B 82 B 132 C
33 A 83 B 133 A
34 A 84 B 134 D
35 B 85 B 135 D
36 C 86 C 136 B
37 A 87 A 137 A
38 A 88 C 138 D
39 B 89 B 139 B
40 D 90 C 140 A
41 A 91 D 141 D
42 A 92 C 142 A
43 D 93 B 143 A
44 B 94 D 144 B
45 C 95 C 145 A
46 B 96 B 146 D
47 A 97 A 147 A
48 A 98 D 148 C
49 A 99 B 149 B
50 B 100 D 150 C
Answer Key Series C
COMBINED STATE CIVIL/UPPER SUBORDINATE SERVICE (PRE) EXAM -2012
Sub. : General Studies
Q. No. Ans key Q. No. Ans key Q. No. Ans key
1 A 51 C 101 D
2 B 52 B 102 B
3 D 53 C 103 A
4 A 54 D 104 A
5 A 55 C 105 A
6 D 56 B 106 A
7 B 57 D 107 B
8 C 58 B 108 A
9 B 59 B 109 D
10 A 60 A 110 A
11 A 61 D 111 C
12 A 62 B 112 B
13 B 63 D 113 C
14 C 64 A 114 D
15 B 65 D 115 C
16 A 66 A 116 D
17 C 67 A 117 C
18 D 68 C 118 D
19 A 69 B 119 C
20 C 70 C 120 C
21 B 71 D 121 A
22 C 72 B 122 D
23 B 73 C 123 B
24 A 74 C 124 D
25 C 75 A 125 D
26 A 76 D 126 C
27 C 77 C 127 A
28 B 78 A 128 D
29 A 79 B 129 C
30 C 80 D 130 B
31 D 81 B 131 C
32 A 82 A 132 B
33 B 83 D 133 B
34 A 84 A 134 A
35 A 85 C 135 B
36 B 86 D 136 D
37 B 87 D 137 B
38 D 88 D 138 A
39 B 89 A 139 A
40 A 90 C 140 C
41 D 91 D 141 D
42 A 92 D 142 C
43 C 93 C 143 A
44 A 94 B 144 C
45 B 95 C 145 B
46 B 96 A 146 A
47 A 97 D 147 A
48 B 98 D 148 B
49 C 99 B 149 C
50 A 100 A 150 C

Answer Key Series D

COMBINED STATE CIVIL/UPPER SUBORDINATE SERVICE (PRE) EXAM -2012
Sub. : General Studies
Q. No. Ans key Q. No. Ans key Q. No. Ans key
1 D 51 D 101 A
2 B 52 A 102 A
3 A 53 B 103 C
4 D 54 D 104 D
5 A 55 D 105 C
6 C 56 C 106 A
7 A 57 B 107 C
8 B 58 C 108 B
9 B 59 A 109 A
10 A 60 D 110 A
11 B 61 D 111 B
12 C 62 B 112 C
13 A 63 A 113 C
14 C 64 C 114 A
15 B 65 B 115 B
16 C 66 A 116 D
17 D 67 A 117 A
18 C 68 D 118 A
19 B 69 A 119 D
20 D 70 B 120 B
21 B 71 A 121 C
22 B 72 D 122 B
23 A 73 A 123 A
24 D 74 C 124 A
25 B 75 B 125 A
26 D 76 C 126 A
27 A 77 D 127 C
28 D 78 A 128 B
29 A 79 D 129 A
30 A 80 C 130 C
31 C 81 D 131 D
32 B 82 C 132 A
33 C 83 C 133 C
34 D 84 A 134 B
35 B 85 D 135 C
36 C 86 B 136 B
37 C 87 D 137 A
38 A 88 D 138 B
39 D 89 C 139 A
40 C 90 C 140 C
41 A 91 D 141 B
42 B 92 C 142 A
43 D 93 B 143 C
44 B 94 C 144 D
45 A 95 B 145 A
46 D 96 B 146 B
47 A 97 A 147 A
48 C 98 B 148 A
49 D 99 D 149 B
50 D 100 B 150 C

UN climate summit begins in Peru

Officials from over 190 nations, including India, on Monday converged here at the UN climate summit to negotiate on a new ambitious and binding deal to cut global carbon emissions, in the last chance to reach on a historic deal to be signed next year in Paris.

Negotiations have been ongoing for 20 years, as the UN continues to bring its member countries together to help curb the damaging effects of coal burning and petroleum use, among other sources of pollution.

During the 12—day summit in the Peruvian capital, countries will put forward what they plan to contribute to the 2015 pact in the form of Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) by the first quarter of 2015, well in advance of the Paris conference in December.

The Lima conference needs to provide final clarity on what the INDCs need to contain, including for developing countries who are likely to have a range of options from, for example, sector—wide emission curbs to energy intensity goals.

Environment Minister Prakash Javadekar leads India’s 17-member delegation to negotiate terms for the final agreement to be signed in Paris, which will take effect in 2020.

Ahead of the summit, a report by UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change warned that populous coastal cities Mumbai and Kolkata are most vulnerable to loss of life and properties due to flooding in the second half of the century.

“Never before have the risks of climate change been so obvious and the impacts so visible. Never before have we seen such a desire at all levels of society to take climate action,” said Christiana Figueres, Executive Secretary of the UN Climate Convention.

The UN report warned against extreme weather events like occurrence of heatwave, heavy precipitation, droughts, floods, cyclones and wildfire that cause damage to ecosystems and human systems in various regions.

It suggested that given the current levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and top polluters’ expected emissions in the coming years, it may be impossible to stop the planet from warming to the breaking point of 2 degrees Celsius.