Philosophy in Medieval India
The major religious movements were brought about by the mystics. They contributed to
the religious ideas and beliefs. Bhakti saints like Vallabhacharya, Ramanuja, Nimbaraka
brought about new philosophical thinking which had its origin in Shankaracharya’s advaita
(non-dualism) philosophy.
Vishistadvaita of Ramanujacharya
Vïshistadvaita means modified monism. The ultimate reality according to this philosophy
is Brahman (God) and matter and soul are his qualities.
Sivadvaita of Srikanthacharya
According to this philosophy the ultimate Brahman is Shiva, endowed with Shakti. Shiva
exists in this world as well as beyond it.
Dvaita of Madhavacharya
The literal meaning of dvaita is dualism which stands in opposition to non-dualism and
monism of Shankaracharya. He believed that the world is not an illusion (maya) but a
reality full of differences.
Dvaitadvaita of Nimbaraka
Dvaitadvaita means dualistic monism. According to this philosophy God transformed
himself into world and soul. This world and soul are different from God (Brahman). They
could survive with the support of God only. They are separate but dependent.
Suddhadvaita of Vallabhacharya
Vallabhacharya wrote commentaries on Vedanta Sutra and Bhagavad Gita. For him.
Brahman (God) was Sri Krishna who manifested himself as souls and matter. God and
soul are not distinct, but one. The stress was on pure non-dualism. His philosophy came to
be known as Pushtimarga (the path of grace) and the school was called Rudrasampradaya.
The major religious movements were brought about by the mystics. They contributed to
the religious ideas and beliefs. Bhakti saints like Vallabhacharya, Ramanuja, Nimbaraka
brought about new philosophical thinking which had its origin in Shankaracharya’s advaita
(non-dualism) philosophy.
Vishistadvaita of Ramanujacharya
Vïshistadvaita means modified monism. The ultimate reality according to this philosophy
is Brahman (God) and matter and soul are his qualities.
Sivadvaita of Srikanthacharya
According to this philosophy the ultimate Brahman is Shiva, endowed with Shakti. Shiva
exists in this world as well as beyond it.
Dvaita of Madhavacharya
The literal meaning of dvaita is dualism which stands in opposition to non-dualism and
monism of Shankaracharya. He believed that the world is not an illusion (maya) but a
reality full of differences.
Dvaitadvaita of Nimbaraka
Dvaitadvaita means dualistic monism. According to this philosophy God transformed
himself into world and soul. This world and soul are different from God (Brahman). They
could survive with the support of God only. They are separate but dependent.
Suddhadvaita of Vallabhacharya
Vallabhacharya wrote commentaries on Vedanta Sutra and Bhagavad Gita. For him.
Brahman (God) was Sri Krishna who manifested himself as souls and matter. God and
soul are not distinct, but one. The stress was on pure non-dualism. His philosophy came to
be known as Pushtimarga (the path of grace) and the school was called Rudrasampradaya.
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