Women play an important role in shaping the destiny of our civilization, yet the girl child, very often, not only faces neglect and disparity but sometimes the gravest forms of violence/crime. In India, traditions/rituals undermine the very existence of girl child. Despite tremendous hue and cry about gender equality and the enforcement of laws for achieving the same, a large number of new-born girls are still being dumped in the garbage, while the unborn female foetuses continue to be sniffed in the womb. Wrought with discrimination and prejudices, our society has often dealt the young girls/women with a rough hand, beginning even before their birth and following through infancy, childhood, adolescence and adulthood (including pregnancy and lactation) till the last leg of their life.
Although, some of the age old traditions like Sati, Jauhar, and Devadasi have been banned and are largely defunct in modern India yet sporadic instances are still been reported from remote parts of the country. Similarly, the purdah system which is drifting away particularly among the urban and the elite, is still being practised in some communities particularly the rural households. Again child marriage - particularly of the girl child, although illegal, continues to be an issue in rural areas. Other issues of concern are domestic violence, dowry, rape, molestation, sexual harassment and immoral trafficking. Domestic violence is endemic and occurs despite the fact that women in India are legally protected under the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act.
Discrimination against girl child is in several forms - nutritional deprivation by way of inadequate breastfeeding and early weaning; unsatisfactory/sub-standard/delayed medical care; poor attention and care resulting in emotional deprivation; and insufficient resource allocation for her health, nutrition, overall development and care as well as schooling and thereafter. All these are the documented causes of high morbidity and mortality among the females. Female foeticide/infanticide is perhaps the worst forms of violence against women where she is denied the most basic and fundamental right – ‘The Right to Life’. Traditionally, the unwanted girl child was done away by poisoning the baby or letting her choke or simply by crushing her tender skull.
Female foeticide refers to ‘aborting the female in the mother’s womb’; whereas female infanticideis ‘killing the girl child after her birth’.
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Nearly 150-200 years ago, in some rural families of Punjab, there was a practice of burying the new born girl child. At the time of her burial, she was handed over a piece of jaggery and some cotton wool and buried alive along with the saying ….
“gauD, Ka[-M ,pUnaI k%tIM…
Aap naa Aa[-M, , vaIr naU Qa@kIM”
…meaning “keep eating the jaggery and spinning the cotton wool; you don’t come again (not a girl child again) but send the brother (the male child)”.
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In our society, the practice of female infanticide had prevailed since long, but female foeticide is the legacy and contribution of the progress in medical science. Owing to technological advances, after pre-natal sex determination, the female embryos/foetuses are selectively eliminated, thereby killing the girl child even before she is born.
The long standing tradition of son preference coupled with medical technology gives the status conscious Indian families, a choice between payment of large 
dowry for their daughters or eliminating the daughters even before their birth. As a result, the advanced medical technology and sophisticated sex determination techniques (post-implantation cell free foetal DNA testing, ultrasound scans, amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling - CVS) are now being used or rather misused, to get rid of the girl child much before she comes to this world.
dowry for their daughters or eliminating the daughters even before their birth. As a result, the advanced medical technology and sophisticated sex determination techniques (post-implantation cell free foetal DNA testing, ultrasound scans, amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling - CVS) are now being used or rather misused, to get rid of the girl child much before she comes to this world.
In India, right from her birth, a girl child is treated as a burden - an extra mouth to feed, an overall liability and other’s property (prayaa Qana). On the other hand, having a son is considered essential so as to carry the family name (vaMSa kao Aagao baZanao vaalaa). Therefore, prayers/lavish offerings are often made with the desire to bear a male child. In a deeply patriarchal society where daughters are often seen as a financial liability, this trend has led to an uptick in crimes including rape, trafficking and the emergence of ‘wife-sharing’ in villages where the sex ratio is low. According to a report by Thomson Reuters, for women, India is the "fourth most dangerous country" in the world.
Our would-be-physiotherapist - the budding ‘Nirbhaya’, was snatched from this world by the heinous act of some gruesome hands. Her parents need to be congratulated for bringing her to this world; everyone’s sympathies are with them. While a male child turned rapist is rightly being condemned, it is the girl child (Nirbhaya) who deserves all praise and appreciation.
We need to change the mind-set of the public, particularly the men folk, who need to be advised to respect girls/women of all ages; and this needs to be strongly inculcated in their minds right from the childhood. A boy must understand that he needs to respect not only his mother, sister/s, aunt/s, but every girl/woman whomever he comes across; only then our society can become a safe place to live peacefully!!
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Sex Ratio and Child Sex Ratio (Census, 2011)
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Year
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Sex Ratio
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Child Sex Ratio
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1991
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927
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945
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2001
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933
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927
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2011
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940
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914
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Sex ratio is a valuable determinant of the female population vs. that of men. As per the Population Census-2011, our population comprises 940 females/1000 males indicating a low sex ratio. Declining Child Sex Ratio (CSR; 0-6 years) is a matter of great concern. Prof Ashish Bose – the leading 
demographer of our country had raised an alarm regarding the“missing girls” and stressed on segregated analysis of demographic data for the under six. As per the Census-2011, the child sex ratio has dropped to 919 females/1000 males. Some of the developed states like Haryana, Punjab, NCT Delhi, Maharashtra and Gujarat lie far below the national average; and Delhi NCT has the lowest child sex ratio (871 girls/1,000 boys in 2011). Though, the overall sex ratio is showing a positive trend, the child sex ratio is registering a decline which is a matter of great concern. The decrease in female birth ratio is considered to be due to violent treatments meted out to the girl child at the time of birth.
demographer of our country had raised an alarm regarding the“missing girls” and stressed on segregated analysis of demographic data for the under six. As per the Census-2011, the child sex ratio has dropped to 919 females/1000 males. Some of the developed states like Haryana, Punjab, NCT Delhi, Maharashtra and Gujarat lie far below the national average; and Delhi NCT has the lowest child sex ratio (871 girls/1,000 boys in 2011). Though, the overall sex ratio is showing a positive trend, the child sex ratio is registering a decline which is a matter of great concern. The decrease in female birth ratio is considered to be due to violent treatments meted out to the girl child at the time of birth.
A recent study (2011) has reported that as many as 12 million Indian girls may have been selectively aborted between 1980 and 2010. MacPherson (2007) had also reported that every year a large number of abortions are being performed solely because the foetus is female. Further, it has been highlighted that even in the rich and educated families, prevalence of sex selective abortions is higher for the second/third-born when the firstborn is a girl child.
Women and children constitute a sizeable part of the population and play a critical role in national development. Inclusive growth must begin by breaking an intergenerational cycle of inequity and multiple deprivations faced by the women and the girl-child. It is aptly said that “when we educate a man, we educate an individual; but when we educate a girl/woman, we educate the whole family or rather the entire nation and the humanity”.
Many women have touched heights in various fields, both at the National and International levels. Had their parents gone for female foeticide/infanticide, we would have been deprived of their contributions to the growth and development of the society!
Many women have touched heights in various fields, both at the National and International levels. Had their parents gone for female foeticide/infanticide, we would have been deprived of their contributions to the growth and development of the society!
Some Initiatives/strategies for improving the status of Girl child/Women include:
· "Beti Bachao Beti Padhao" – our flagship programme recently launched by the Prime Minister. The programme is to focus on 100 gender critical districts with low child sex ratio and it is envisaged that if implemented properly, it can help to make India a modern democracy.
· Save the girl child initiatives are designed to end the gender-selective abortion of female foetuses.
· The GoI has declared 2001 as the ‘Year of Women's Empowerment (Swashakti)’; and also launched the National Policy for Empowerment of Women.
· Conditional cash transfers and scholarships only for girls at various stages of her life; and higher pension benefits to the parents of one/two girls.
· Pro-girl policy initiatives like Laadli scheme and other such state level initiatives.
· Sukanya Samridhi Yojana (Girl Child Prosperity Scheme), Balika Samriddhi Yojana; and Kishori Shakti Yojana
Various issues relating to the girl child have been embedded in national child policies and addressed through several programmes, such as:
· The National Policy for Children, 1974
· The National Plan of Action for Children, 2005
· The Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques - Regulation & Prevention of Misuse (PNDT) Act, 1994
· Pre-Conception and Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques - Regulation & Prevention of Misuse (PCPNDT) Act, 2004
· The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act 1986
Ø Since the child sex ratio is slipping fast, Supreme Court of India has directed the states to announce some‘incentives’ for the families who ‘respect and honour’ the girl child in a bid to curb the evil of female foeticide.
Ø Sensitization of the policy makers, planners, administrators, enforcement machinery and the community at large towards gender issues is an important strategy to establish positive image of the girl child/women in the society.
Ø Education and empowerment of women, particularly the rural and the marginalized women, is urgently needed so as to improve their status in the family and the community. Women empowerment leads to all-round progress as well as emancipation from absurd beliefs and unscientific practices.
Save the Girl Child……
Provide her equal opportunities to blossom, grow & excel…
………She is an asset to the society!!!
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